Liquid Vaccines For Multiple Meningococcal Serogroups

ABSTRACT

Conjugated capsular saccharides from meningococcal serogroups C, W135 and Y are safe and immunogenic in humans when combined in a single dose. This effect is retained when a conjugated capsular saccharide from serogroup A is added. These conjugated antigens can be stably combined in a single aqueous dose without the need for lyophilisation. Broad protection against serogroup B infection can be achieved by using a small number of defined polypeptide antigens. These polypeptide antigens can be combined with the saccharide antigens without loss of protective efficacy for any of the five serogroups. Efficacy if retained even if a Hib conjugate is added. The efficacy of a serogroup W135 conjugate is enhanced by addition of protein antigens derived from a serogroup B strain. Addition of a Hib conjugate to meningococcal conjugates enhances the overall activity against meningococcus serogroup W135.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 10/574,424 which is the U.S. National Phase of InternationalApplication No. PCT/IB2004/003366 filed Oct. 4, 2004 and published inEnglish, which claims the benefit of United Kingdom Patent ApplicationNo. 0412052.3, filed May 28, 2004 and United Kingdom Patent ApplicationNo. 0323102.4, filed Oct. 2, 2003. The entire teachings of each of theforegoing patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.

All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to immunisation against bacterial meningitis, andparticularly to combined immunisation against bacterial meningitiscaused by multiple pathogens.

SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submittedvia EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TheASCII copy, created on Jun. 30, 2014, is named 51830DIV_SEQLISTING.txtand is 31,475 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND ART

N. meningitidis is a non-motile, Gram-negative human pathogen thatcolonises the pharynx and causes meningitis (and, occasionally,septicaemia in the absence of meningitis). It causes both endemic andepidemic disease. Following the introduction of the conjugate vaccineagainst Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), N. meningitidis is themajor cause of bacterial meningitis in the USA. A third pathogenresponsible for bacterial meningitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae, but aneffective vaccine (PrevNar™ [1]) is now available. Like the Hib vaccine,the pneumococcal vaccine is based on conjugated capsular saccharideantigens.

Based on the organism's capsular polysaccharide, various serogroups ofN. meningitidis have been identified, including (A, B, C, H, I, K, L,29E, W135, X, Y & Z. Serogroup A is the pathogen most often implicatedin epidemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Serogroups B and C areresponsible for the vast majority of cases in the United States and inmost developed countries. Serogroups W135 and Y are responsible for therest of the cases in the USA and developed countries. Although thecapsular polysaccharide is an effective protective immunogen, eachserogroup requires a separate saccharide antigen, and this approach isunsuitable for immunising against serogroup B. Thus the recent successwith conjugated saccharide vaccines against serogroup C (Menjugate™ [2],Meningitec™ and NeisVac-C™) has had no impact disease caused byserogroups A, B, W135 or Y; on the contrary, they present a selectivepressure towards the emergence of these serogroups as major causes ofmeningococcal disease.

An injectable tetravalent vaccine of capsular polysaccharides fromserogroups A, C, Y & W135 has been known for many years [3,4] and islicensed for human use. The polysaccharides in this vaccine areunconjugated and are present at a 1:1:1:1 weight ratio [5], with 50 μgof each purified polysaccharide. Although effective in adolescents andadults, it induces a poor immune response and short duration ofprotection and cannot be used in infants [e.g. ref. 6]. Furthermore, thevaccines suffer from the disadvantage of requiring reconstitution fromlyophilised forms at the time of use.

For serogroup B, a vaccine has proved elusive. Vaccines based onouter-membrane vesicles have been tested [e.g. ref. 7], but protectionis typically restricted to the strain used to make the vaccine.

Thus there remains a need for a vaccine which protects againstmeningococcal serogroups A, C, W135 and Y in children, and also onewhich does not require reconstitution prior to administration.Furthermore, there remains a need for a vaccine which broadly protectsagainst serogroup B.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention fulfils all of these various needs, and is based on eightseparate findings. First, the inventors have found that conjugatedcapsular saccharides from meningococcal serogroups C, W135 and Y aresafe and immunogenic in humans when combined in a single dose. Second,they have found that this effect is retained when a conjugated capsularsaccharide from serogroup A is added. Third, they have found that theseconjugated antigens can be stably combined in a single aqueous dosewithout the need for lyophilisation. Fourth, they have found that broadprotection against serogroup B infection can be achieved by using asmall number of defined polypeptide antigens. Fifth, they have foundthat these polypeptide antigens can be combined with the saccharideantigens without loss of protective efficacy for any of the fiveserogroups. Sixth, they have found that efficacy if retained even if aHib conjugate is added. Seventh, they have found that the efficacy of aserogroup W135 conjugate is enhanced by addition of protein antigensderived from a serogroup B strain. Finally, they have found thataddition of a Hib conjugate to meningococcal conjugates enhances theoverall activity against serogroup W135 of meningococcus.

Thus the invention provides an aqueous immunogenic composition which,after administration to a subject, is able to induce an immune responsethat is bactericidal against serogroups B, C, W135 and Y of N.meningitidis, wherein the composition comprises: (i) a conjugatedserogroup C capsular saccharide antigen; (ii) a conjugated serogroupW135 capsular saccharide antigen; (iii) a conjugated serogroup Ycapsular saccharide antigen; and (iv) one or more polypeptide antigensfrom serogroup B. The aqueous composition may also induce an immuneresponse that is bactericidal against serogroup A of N. meningitidis,and may thus further comprise: (v) a conjugated serogroup A capsularsaccharide antigen.

The invention also provides an aqueous immunogenic composition which,after administration to a subject, is able to induce an immune responsethat is (a) bactericidal against at least serogroup W135 of N.meningitidis and (b) protective against Hinfluenzae type b disease,wherein the composition comprises: (i) a conjugated serogroup W135capsular saccharide antigen; (ii) a conjugated H. influenzae type bcapsular saccharide antigen. The composition may further includeconjugated capsular saccharide antigens from serogroups C and Y and,optionally, A. It may further include polypeptide antigens fromserogroup B of N. meningitidis.

Preferred saccharide antigens are oligosaccharides.

Serogroups C, W135 and Y

Techniques for preparing capsular polysaccharides from meningococci havebeen known for many years, and typically involve a process comprisingthe steps of polysaccharide precipitation (e.g. using a cationicdetergent), ethanol fractionation, cold phenol extraction (to removeprotein) and ultracentrifugation (to remove LPS) [e.g. see ref. 8].

A more preferred process [9] involves polysaccharide precipitationfollowed by solubilisation of the precipitated polysaccharide using alower alcohol. Precipitation can be achieved using a cationic detergentsuch as tetrabutylammonium and cetyltrimethylammonium salts (e.g. thebromide salts), or hexadimethrine bromide and myristyltrimethylammoniumsalts. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (‘CTAB’) is particularly preferred[10]. Solubilisation of the precipitated material can be achieved usinga lower alcohol such as methanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol,butan-2-ol, 2-methyl-propan-1-ol, 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, diols, etc., butethanol is particularly suitable for solubilising CTAB-polysaccharidecomplexes. Ethanol may be added to the precipitated polysaccharide togive a final ethanol concentration (based on total content of ethanoland water) of between 50% and 95%.

After re-solubilisation, the polysaccharide may be further treated toremove contaminants. This is particularly important in situations whereeven minor contamination is not acceptable (e.g. for human vaccineproduction). This will typically involve one or more steps of filtratione.g. depth filtration, filtration through activated carbon may be used,size filtration and/or ultrafiltration.

Once filtered to remove contaminants, the polysaccharide may beprecipitated for further treatment and/or processing. This can beconveniently achieved by exchanging cations (e.g. by the addition ofcalcium or sodium salts).

After purification, the capsular saccharides are conjugated to carrierproteins as described below.

Further and alternative methods for purification and conjugation ofmeningococcal saccharides are disclosed in references 11 & 12.

As an alternative to purification, capsular saccharides of the presentinvention may be obtained by total or partial synthesis e.g. Hibsynthesis is disclosed in ref. 13, and MenA synthesis in ref. 14.

The saccharide may be chemically modified e.g. it may be O-acetylated orde-O-acetylated. Any such de-O-acetylation or hyper-acetylation may beat specific positions in the saccharide. For instance, most serogroup Cstrains have O-acetyl groups at position C-7 and/or C-8 of the sialicacid residues, but about 15% of clinical isolates lack these O-acetylgroups [15,16]. The acetylation does not seem to affect protectiveefficacy (e.g. unlike the Menjugate™ product, the NeisVac-C™ productuses a de-O-acetylated saccharide, but both vaccines are effective). Theserogroup W135 saccharide is a polymer of sialic acid-galactosedisaccharide units. The serogroup Y saccharide is similar to theserogroup W135 saccharide, except that the disaccharide repeating unitincludes glucose instead of galactose. Like the serogroup C saccharides,the MenW135 and MenY saccharides have variable O-acetylation, but atsialic acid 7 and 9 positions [17]. Any such chemical modificationspreferably take place before conjugation, but may alternatively oradditionally take place during conjugation.

Saccharides from different serogroups are preferably purifiedseparately, and may then be combined, either before or afterconjugation.

Serogroup A

Compositions of the invention may include a conjugated serogroup Acapsular saccharide antigen. The saccharide can be purified andconjugated in the same way as for serogroups C, W135 and Y (see above),although it is structurally different—whereas the capsules of serogroupsC, W135 and Y are based around sialic acid (N-acetyl-neuraminic acid,NeuAc), the capsule of serogroup A is based on N-acetyl-mannosamine,which is the natural precursor of sialic acid. The serogroup Asaccharide is particularly susceptible to hydrolysis, and itsinstability in aqueous media means that (a) the immunogenicity of liquidvaccines against serogroup A declines over time, and (b) quality controlis more difficult, due to release of saccharide hydrolysis products intothe vaccine.

Native MenA capsular saccharide is a homopolymer of (α1→6)-linkedN-acetyl-D-mannosamine-1-phosphate, with partial O-acetylation at C3 andC4. The principal glycosidic bond is a 1-6 phosphodiester bond involvingthe hemiacetal group of C1 and the alcohol group of C6 of theD-mannosamine. The average chain length is 93 monomers. It has thefollowing formula:

The inventors have prepared a modified saccharide antigen which retainsthe immunogenic activity of the native serogroup A saccharide but whichis much more stable in water. Hydroxyl groups attached at carbons 3 and4 of the monosaccharide units are replaced by a blocking group [ref.18].

The number of monosaccharide units having blocking groups in place ofhydroxyls can vary. For example, all or substantially all themonosaccharide units may have blocking groups. Alternatively, at least10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the monosaccharideunits may have blocking groups. At least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29 or 30 monosaccharide units may have blocking groups.

Likewise, the number of blocking groups on a monosaccharide unit mayvary. For example, the number of blocking groups on any particularmonosaccharide unit may be 1 or 2.

The terminal monosaccharide unit may or may not have a blocking groupinstead of its native hydroxyl. It is preferred to retain a freeanomeric hydroxyl group on a terminal monosaccharide unit in order toprovide a handle for further reactions (e.g. conjugation). Anomerichydroxyl groups can be converted to amino groups (—NH₂ or —NH-E, where Eis a nitrogen protecting group) by reductive amination (using, forexample, NaBH₃CN/NH₄Cl), and can then be regenerated after otherhydroxyl groups have been converted to blocking groups.

Blocking groups to replace hydroxyl groups may be directly accessiblevia a derivatizing reaction of the hydroxyl group i.e. by replacing thehydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group with another group. Suitablederivatives of hydroxyl groups which act as blocking groups are, forexample, carbamates, sulfonates, carbonates, esters, ethers (e.g. silylethers or alkyl ethers) and acetals. Some specific examples of suchblocking groups are allyl, Aloc, benzyl, BOM, t-butyl, trityl, TBS,TBDPS, TES, TMS, TIPS, PMB, MEM, MOM, MTM, THP, etc. Other blockinggroups that are not directly accessible and which completely replace thehydroxyl group include C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ alkyl, C₅₋₁₂ aryl, C₅₋₁₂aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, NR¹R² (R¹ and R² are defined in the followingparagraph), H, F, Cl, Br, CO₂H, CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), CN, CF₃, CCl₃, etc.

Preferred blocking groups are of the formula: —O—X—Y or —OR³ wherein: Xis C(O), S(O) or SO₂; Y is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₁₋₁₂ alkoxy, C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl,C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, each of which may optionally besubstituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from F, Cl, Br,CO₂H, CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), CN, CF₃ or CCl₃; or Y is NR¹R²; R¹ and R² areindependently selected from H, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₂aryl, C₅₋₁₂ aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl; or R¹ and R² may be joined to form a C₃₋₁₂saturated heterocyclic group; R³ is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl,each of which may optionally be substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groupsindependently selected from F, Cl, Br, CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), CN, CF₃ or CCl₃;or R³ is C₅₋₁₂ aryl or C₅₋₁₂ aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl, each of which mayoptionally be substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 groups selected from F,Cl, Br, CO₂H, CO₂(C₁₋₆ alkyl), CN, CF₃ or CCl₃. When R³ is C₁₋₁₂ alkylor C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, it is typically substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groupsas defined above. When R¹ and R² are joined to form a C₃₋₁₂ saturatedheterocyclic group, it is meant that R¹ and R² together with thenitrogen atom form a saturated heterocyclic group containing any numberof carbon atoms between 3 and 12 (e.g. C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀,C₁₁, C₁₂). The heterocyclic group may contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms (suchas N, O or S) other than the nitrogen atom. Examples of C₃₋₁₂ saturatedheterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, azetidinyl and aziridinyl.

Blocking groups —O—X—Y and —OR³ can be prepared from —OH groups bystandard derivatizing procedures, such as reaction of the hydroxyl groupwith an acyl halide, alkyl halide, sulfonyl halide, etc. Hence, theoxygen atom in —O—X—Y is preferably the oxygen atom of the hydroxylgroup, while the —X—Y group in —O—X—Y preferably replaces the hydrogenatom of the hydroxyl group.

Alternatively, the blocking groups may be accessible via a substitutionreaction, such as a Mitsonobu-type substitution. These and other methodsof preparing blocking groups from hydroxyl groups are well known.

More preferably, the blocking group is —OC(O)CF₃ [19], or a carbamategroup —OC(O)NR¹R², where R¹ and R² are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl. More preferably, R¹ and R² are both methyl i.e. the blockinggroup is —OC(O)NMe₂. Carbamate blocking groups have a stabilizing effecton the glycosidic bond and may be prepared under mild conditions.

Preferred modified MenA saccharides contain n monosaccharide units,where at least h % of the monosaccharide units do not have —OH groups atboth of positions 3 and 4. The value of h is 24 or more (e.g. 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98,99 or 100) and is preferably 50 or more. The absent —OH groups arepreferably blocking groups as defined above.

Other preferred modified MenA saccharides comprise monosaccharide units,wherein at least s of the monosaccharide units do not have —OH at the 3position and do not have —OH at the 4 position. The value of s is atleast 1 (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60,70, 80, 90). The absent —OH groups are preferably blocking groups asdefined above.

Suitable modified MenA saccharides for use with the invention have theformula:

wherein

n is an integer from 1 to 100 (preferably an integer from 5 to 25, morepreferably 15-25);

T is of the formula (A) or (B):

each Z group is independently selected from OH or a blocking group asdefined above; and

each Q group is independently selected from OH or a blocking group asdefined above;

Y is selected from OH or a blocking group as defined above;

E is H or a nitrogen protecting group;

and wherein more than about 7% (e.g. 8%, 9%, 10% or more) of the Qgroups are blocking groups.

Each of the n+2 Z groups may be the same or different from each other.Likewise, each of the n+2 Q groups may be the same or different fromeach other. All the Z groups may be OH. Alternatively, at least 10%, 20,30%, 40%, 50% or 60% of the Z groups may be OAc. Preferably, about 70%of the Z groups are OAc, with the remainder of the Z groups being OH orblocking groups as defined above. At least about 7% of Q groups areblocking groups. Preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90% or even 100% of the Q groups are blocking groups.

Preferred blocking groups are electron-withdrawing groups. Withoutwishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that glycosidic bonds areunstable to hydrolysis due to assistance from an intramolecularnucleophilic attack of a saccharide hydroxyl group on the glycosidiclinkage (i.e. by formation of a cyclic intermediate). The greater thenucleophilicity of the hydroxyl group, the greater the tendency forintramolecular nucleophilic attack. An electron-withdrawing blockinggroup has the effect of delocalizing the oxygen lone pair, therebydecreasing the oxygen nucleophilicity and decreasing the tendency forintramolecular nucleophilic attack.

For protecting against serogroup A, therefore, the aqueous compositionscan include a MenA modified saccharide as defined above.

Preferred compositions of the invention can be stored for 28 days at 37°C. and, after that period, less than f % of the initial total amount ofconjugated MenA saccharide will be unconjugated, where f is 20, 19, 18,17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 or lower.

Covalent Conjugation

Capsular saccharides in compositions of the invention will usually beconjugated to carrier protein(s). In general, conjugation enhances theimmunogenicity of saccharides as it converts them from T-independentantigens to T-dependent antigens, thus allowing priming forimmunological memory. Conjugation is particularly useful for paediatricvaccines and is a well known technique [e.g. reviewed in refs. 20 to29].

Preferred carrier proteins are bacterial toxins or toxoids, such asdiphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid, or the CRM₁₉₇ diphtheria toxinmutant [30-32]. Other suitable carrier proteins include the N.meningitidis outer membrane protein [33], synthetic peptides [34,35],heat shock proteins [36,37], pertussis proteins [38,39], cytokines [40],lymphokines [40], hormones [40], growth factors [40], artificialproteins comprising multiple human CD4⁺ T cell epitopes from variouspathogen-derived antigens [41] such as the N19 protein [42], protein Dfrom H. influenzae [43,44], pneumolysis [45], pneumococcal surfaceprotein PspA [46], iron-uptake proteins [47], toxin A or B from C.difficile [48], mutant bacterial toxins (e.g. cholera toxin ‘CT’ or E.coli heat labile toxin ‘LT’), such as a CT with a substitution at Glu-29[49], etc. Preferred carriers are diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, H.influenzae protein D, and particularly CRM₁₉₇.

Within a composition of the invention, it is possible to use more thanone carrier protein e.g. to reduce the risk of carrier suppression. Thusdifferent carrier proteins can be used for different serogroups e.g.serogroup A saccharides might be conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ while serogroup Csaccharides might be conjugated to tetanus toxoid. It is also possibleto use more than one carrier protein for a particular saccharide antigene.g. serogroup A saccharides might be in two groups, with someconjugated to CRM₁₉₇ and others conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Ingeneral, however, it is preferred to use the same carrier protein forall serogroups, with CRM₁₉₇ being the preferred choice.

A single carrier protein might carry more than one saccharide antigen[50]. For example, a single carrier protein might have conjugated to itsaccharides from serogroups A and C. To achieve this goal, saccharidescan be mixed prior to the conjugation reaction. In general, however, itis preferred to have separate conjugates for each serogroup.

Conjugates with a saccharide:protein ratio (w/w) of between 1:5 (i.e.excess protein) and 5:1 (i.e. excess saccharide) are preferred. Ratiosbetween 1:2 and 5:1 are preferred, as are ratios between 1:1.25 and1:2.5 are more preferred. Excess carrier protein may be preferred forMenA and MenC.

Conjugates may be used in conjunction with free carrier protein [51].When a given carrier protein is present in both free and conjugated formin a composition of the invention, the unconjugated form is preferablyno more than 5% of the total amount of the carrier protein in thecomposition as a whole, and more preferably present at less than 2% byweight.

Any suitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linkerwhere necessary.

The saccharide will typically be activated or functionalised prior toconjugation. Activation may involve, for example, cyanylating reagentssuch as CDAP (e.g. 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridiniumtetrafluoroborate[52, 53, etc.]). Other suitable techniques usecarbodiimides, hydrazides, active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoicacid, N-hydroxysuccinimide, S-NHS, EDC, TSTU; see also the introductionto reference 27).

Linkages via a linker group may be made using any known procedure, forexample, the procedures described in references 54 and 55. One type oflinkage involves reductive amination of the polysaccharide, coupling theresulting amino group with one end of an adipic acid linker group, andthen coupling a protein to the other end of the adipic acid linker group[25,56,57]. Other linkers include B-propionamido [58],nitrophenyl-ethylamine [59], haloacyl halides [60], glycosidic linkages[61], 6-aminocaproic acid [62], ADH [63], C₄ to C₁₂ moieties [64] etc.As an alternative to using a linker, direct linkage can be used. Directlinkages to the protein may comprise oxidation of the polysaccharidefollowed by reductive amination with the protein, as described in, forexample, references 65 and 66.

A process involving the introduction of amino groups into the saccharide(e.g. by replacing terminal ═O groups with —NH₂) followed byderivatisation with an adipic diester (e.g. adipic acidN-hydroxysuccinimido diester) and reaction with carrier protein ispreferred. Another preferred reaction uses CDAP activation with aprotein D carrier e.g. for MenA or MenC.

After conjugation, free and conjugated saccharides can be separated.There are many suitable methods, including hydrophobic chromatography,tangential ultrafiltration, diafiltration, etc. [see also refs. 67 & 68,etc.].

Where the composition of the invention includes a conjugatedoligosaccharide, it is preferred that oligosaccharide preparationprecedes conjugation.

After conjugation, methods of the invention may include a step ofmeasuring the level of unconjugated carrier protein. One way of makingthis measurement involves capillary electrophoresis [69] (e.g. in freesolution), or micellar electrokinetic chromatography [70].

After conjugation, methods of the invention may include a step ofmeasuring the level of unconjugated saccharide. One way of making thismeasurement involves HPAEC-PAD [67].

After conjugation, methods of the invention may include a step ofseparating conjugated saccharide from unconjugated saccharide. One wayof separating these saccharides is to use a method that selectivelyprecipitates one component. Selective precipitation of conjugatedsaccharide is preferred, to leave unconjugated saccharide in solution,e.g. by a deoxycholate treatment [67].

After conjugation, methods of the invention may include a step ofmeasuring the molecular size and/or molar mass of a conjugate. Inparticular, distributions may be measured. One way of making thesemeasurements involves size exclusion chromatography with detection bymultiangle light scattering photometry and differential refractometry(SEC-MALS/RI) [71].

Oligosaccharides

Capsular saccharides will generally be used in the form ofoligosaccharides. These are conveniently formed by fragmentation ofpurified capsular polysaccharide (e.g. by hydrolysis), which willusually be followed by purification of the fragments of the desiredsize.

Fragmentation of polysaccharides is preferably performed to give a finalaverage degree of polymerisation (DP) in the oligosaccharide of lessthan 30 (e.g. between 10 and 20, preferably around 10 for serogroup A;between 15 and 25 for serogroups W135 and Y, preferably around 15-20;between 12 and 22 for serogroup C; etc.). DP can conveniently bemeasured by ion exchange chromatography or by colorimetric assays [72].

If hydrolysis is performed, the hydrolysate will generally be sized inorder to remove short-length oligosaccharides [73]. This can be achievedin various ways, such as ultrafiltration followed by ion-exchangechromatography. Oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation of lessthan or equal to about 6 are preferably removed for serogroup A, andthose less than around 4 are preferably removed for serogroups W135 andY.

Chemical hydrolysis of saccharides generally involves treatment witheither acid or base under conditions that are standard in the art.Conditions for depolymerisation of capsular saccharides to theirconstituent monosaccharides are known in the art. One depolymerisationmethod involves the use of hydrogen peroxide [11]. Hydrogen peroxide isadded to a saccharide (e.g. to give a final H₂O₂ concentration of 1%),and the mixture is then incubated (e.g. at around 55° C.) until adesired chain length reduction has been achieved. The reduction overtime can be followed by removing samples from the mixture and thenmeasuring the (average) molecular size of saccharide in the sample.Depolymerization can then be stopped by rapid cooling once a desiredchain length has been reached.

Serogroup B

Vaccines against pathogens such as hepatitis B virus, diphtheria andtetanus typically contain a single protein antigen (e.g. the HBV surfaceantigen, or a tetanus toxoid). In contrast, acellular whooping coughvaccines typically contain at least three B. pertussis proteins and thePrevNar™ pneumococcal vaccine contains seven separate conjugatedsaccharide antigens. Other vaccines such as cellular pertussis vaccines,the measles vaccine, the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) andmeningococcal OMV vaccines are by their very nature complex mixtures ofa large number of antigens. Whether protection against can be elicitedby a single antigen, a small number of defined antigens, or a complexmixture of undefined antigens, therefore depends on the pathogen inquestion.

As mentioned above, a vaccine against serogroup B meningococcus hasproved elusive. OMV-based vaccines show narrow efficacy. Moreover, thelarge number of undefined antigens present in an OMV, combined withtheir variable nature, means that OMVs have various quality controlproblems.

The inventors have found that broad protection against serogroup Binfection can be achieved, and that this can be achieved by using asmall number of defined serogroup B polypeptide antigens, and so thecompositions of the invention include one or more polypeptide antigenssuch that the composition can induce an immune response that isbactericidal against two or more (i.e. 2 or 3) of hypervirulent lineagesA4, ET-5 and lineage 3 of N. meningitidis serogroup B.

Genome sequences for meningococcal serogroups A [74] and B [75,76] havebeen reported, and suitable antigens can be selected from the encodedpolypeptides [e.g. refs. 77-82]. Candidate antigens have beenmanipulated to improve heterologous expression [refs. 83 to 85].

One preferred composition includes a Tbp protein and a Hsf protein [86].Hsf is an autotransporter protein [87-89], also known as nhhA [89],GNA0992 [77] or NMB0992 [75]. Tbp is the transferrin binding protein[90-93], and encompasses both TbpA and TbpB and the high molecularweight and low molecular weight forms of TbpA and TbpB. Tbp encompassesindividual proteins described above and complexes of the proteins andany other proteins or complexes thereof capable of binding transferrin.Although Tbp can refer to either the high or low molecular forms of TbpAor TbpB, it is preferred that both high molecular weight and lowmolecular weight forms of TbpA and/or TbpB are present. Most preferably,high molecular weight and low molecular weight TbpA is present.

Another preferred composition includes serogroup B lipooligosaccharide(LOS) [94]. LOS can be used in addition to the serogroup Bpolypeptide(s) or can be used in place of it/them.

Another preferred composition includes at least one antigen selectedfrom each of at least two different categories of protein havingdifferent functions within Neisseria. Examples of such categories ofproteins are: adhesins, autotransporter proteins, toxins, integral outermembrane proteins and iron acquisition proteins. These antigens may beselected as follows, using the nomenclature of reference 95: at leastone Neisserial adhesin selected from the group consisting of FhaB, NspAPilC, Hsf, Hap, MafA, MafB, Omp26, NMB0315, NMB0995, NMB1119 and NadA;at least one Neisserial autotransporter selected from the groupconsisting of Hsf, Hap, IgA protease, AspA, and NadA; at least oneNeisserial toxin selected from the group consisting of FrpA, FrpC,FrpA/C, VapD, NM-ADPRT (NMB1343) and either or both of LPS immunotype L2and LPS immunotype L3; at least one Neisserial Fe acquisition proteinselected from the group consisting of TbpA, TbpB, LbpA, LbpB, HpuA,HpuB, Lipo28 (GNA2132), Sibp, NMB0964, NMB0293, FbpA, Bcp, BfrA, BfrBand P2086 (XthA); at least one Neisserial membrane-associated protein,preferably outer membrane protein, particularly integral outer membraneprotein, selected from the group consisting of PilQ, OMP85, FhaC, NspA,TbpA, LbpA, TspA, TspB, TdfH, PorB, MItA, HpuB, HimD, HisD, GNA1870,OstA, HlpA (GNA1946), NMB1124, NMB1162, NMB1220, NMB1313, NMB1953, HtrA,and PLDA (OMPLA). These combinations of Neisserial antigens are said tolead to a surprising enhancement of the efficacy of the vaccine againstNeisserial infection [95].

Particularly preferred compositions include one or more of the followingfive antigens [96]: (1) a ‘NadA’ protein, preferably in oligomeric form(e.g. in trimeric form); (2) a ‘741’ protein; (3) a ‘936’ protein; (4) a‘953’ protein; and (5) a ‘287’ protein.

‘NadA’ (Neisserial adhesin A) from MenB is disclosed as protein ‘961’ inreference 80 (SEQ IDs 2943 & 2944) and as ‘NMB1994’ in reference 75 (seealso GenBank accession numbers: 11352904 & 7227256). A detailed study ofthe protein can be found in reference 97. When used according to thepresent invention, NadA may take various forms. Preferred forms of NadAare truncation or deletion variants, such as those disclosed inreferences 83 to 85. In particular, NadA without its C-terminal membraneanchor is preferred (e.g. deletion of residues 351-405 for the 2996strain, to give SEQ ID NO:1 herein), which is sometimes distinguishedherein by the use of a ‘C’ superscript e.g. NadA^((C)). Expression ofNadA without its membrane anchor domain in E. coli results in secretionof the protein into the culture supernatant with concomitant removal ofits 23mer leader peptide (e.g. to leave a 327mer for strain 2996 [SEQ IDNO:2 herein]). Polypeptides without their leader peptides are sometimesdistinguished herein by the use of a ‘NL’ superscript e.g. NadA^((NL))or NadA^((C)(NL)). Preferred NadA polypeptides have an amino acidsequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,95%, 99% or more) to SEQ ID NO:2; and/or (b) comprises a fragment of atleast n consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein n is 7 or more(eg. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,150, 200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for (b) lack one or moreamino acids (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more)from the C-terminus and/or the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g.NadA^((C)), NadA^((NL)), NadA^((C)(NL))). Other preferred fragmentscomprise an epitope from SEQ ID 1, and a particularly preferred fragmentof SEQ ID 1 is SEQ ID 2. These various sequences includes NadA variants(e.g. allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants, etc.).Various NadA sequences are shown in FIG. 9 of reference 98.

‘741’ protein from MenB is disclosed in reference 80 (SEQ IDs 2535 &2536) and as ‘NMB1870’ in reference 75 (see also GenBank accessionnumber GI:7227128). The corresponding protein in serogroup A [74] hasGenBank accession number 7379322. 741 is naturally a lipoprotein. Whenused according to the present invention, 741 protein may take variousforms. Preferred forms of 741 are truncation or deletion variants, suchas those disclosed in references 83 to 85. In particular, the N-terminusof 741 may be deleted up to and including its poly-glycine sequence(i.e. deletion of residues 1 to 72 for strain MC58 [SEQ ID NO:3herein]), which is sometimes distinguished herein by the use of a ‘ΔG’prefix. This deletion can enhance expression. The deletion also removes741's lipidation site. Preferred 741 sequences have an amino acidsequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,95%, 99% or more) to SEQ ID NO:3; and/or (b) comprises a fragment of atleast n consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:3, wherein n is 7 or more(eg. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,150, 200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for (b) comprise an epitopefrom 741. Other preferred fragments lack one or more amino acids (e.g.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more) from the C-terminusand/or the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:3. These sequences include 741variants (e.g. allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants,etc.). Various 741 sequences can be found in SEQ IDs 1 to 22 ofreference 85, in SEQ IDs 1 to 23 of reference 99, and in SEQ IDs 1-299of reference 100.

‘936’ protein from serogroup B is disclosed in reference 80 (SEQ IDs2883 & 2884) and as ‘NMB2091’ in reference 75 (see also GenBankaccession number GI:7227353). The corresponding gene in serogroup A [74]has GenBank accession number 7379093. When used according to the presentinvention, 936 protein may take various forms. Preferred forms of 936are truncation or deletion variants, such as those disclosed inreferences 83 to 85. In particular, the N-terminus leader peptide of 936may be deleted (e.g. deletion of residues 1 to 23 for strain MC58, togive 936^((NL)) [SEQ ID NO:4 herein]). Preferred 936 sequences have anamino acid sequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more) to SEQ ID NO:4; and/or (b) comprises afragment of at least n consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:4, whereinn is 7 or more (eg. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for (b)comprise an epitope from 936. Other preferred fragments lack one or moreamino acids (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more)from the C-terminus and/or the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:4. Thesesequences include 936 variants (e.g. allelic variants, homologs,orthologs, paralogs, mutants, etc.).

‘953’ protein from serogroup B is disclosed in reference 80 (SEQ IDs2917 & 2918) and as ‘NMB1030’ in reference 75 (see also GenBankaccession number GI:7226269). The corresponding protein in serogroup A[74] has GenBank accession number 7380108. When used according to thepresent invention, 953 protein may take various forms. Preferred formsof 953 are truncation or deletion variants, such as those disclosed inreferences 83 to 85. In particular, the N-terminus leader peptide of 953may be deleted (e.g. deletion of residues 1 to 19 for strain MC58, togive 953^((NL)) [SEQ ID NO:5 herein]. Preferred 953 sequences have anamino acid sequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more) to SEQ ID NO:5; and/or (b) comprises afragment of at least n consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:5, whereinn is 7 or more (eg. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for (b)comprise an epitope from 953. Other preferred fragments lack one or moreamino acids (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more)from the C-terminus and/or the N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:5. Thesesequences include 936 variants (e.g. allelic variants, homologs,orthologs, paralogs, mutants, etc.). Allelic forms of 953 can be seen inFIG. 19 of reference 82.

‘287’ protein from serogroup B is disclosed in reference 80 (SEQ IDs3103 & 3104), as ‘NMB2132’ in reference 75, and as ‘GNA2132’ inreference 77 (see also GenBank accession number GI:7227388). Thecorresponding protein in serogroup A [74] has GenBank accession number7379057. When used according to the present invention, 287 protein maytake various forms. Preferred forms of 287 are truncation or deletionvariants, such as those disclosed in references 83 to 85. In particular,the N-terminus of 287 may be deleted up to and including itspoly-glycine sequence (e.g. deletion of residues 1 to 24 for strainMC58, to give ΔG287 [SEQ ID NO:6 herein]. This deletion can enhanceexpression. Preferred 287 sequences have an amino acid sequence which:(a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more)to SEQ ID NO:6; and/or (b) comprises a fragment of at least nconsecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:6, wherein n is 7 or more (eg. 8,10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150,200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for (b) comprise an epitope from287. Other preferred fragments lack one or more amino acids (e.g. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more) from the C-terminus and/orthe N-terminus of SEQ ID NO:6. These sequences include 287 variants(e.g. allelic variants, homologs, orthologs, paralogs, mutants, etc.).Allelic forms of 287 can be seen in FIGS. 5 and 15 of reference 82, andin example 13 and FIG. 21 of reference 80 (SEQ IDs 3179 to 3184).

Preferred MenB antigens comprise an amino acid sequence found in one ofstrains are 2996, MC58, 95N477, and 394/98. Protein 287 is preferablyfrom strain 2996 or, more preferably, from strain 394/98. Protein 741 ispreferably from serogroup B strains MC58, 2996, 394/98, or 95N477, orfrom serogroup C strain 90/18311. Strain MC58 is more preferred.Proteins 936, 953 and NadA are preferably from strain 2996. Where acomposition includes a particular protein antigen (e.g. 741 or 287), thecomposition can include that antigen in more than one variant form e.g.the same protein, but from more than one strain. These proteins may beincluded as tandem or separate proteins.

In some embodiments, however, the composition of the invention includesthe same protein but from more than one strain. This approach has beenfound to be effective with the 741 protein. This protein is an extremelyeffective antigen for eliciting anti-meningococcal antibody responses,and it is expressed across all meningococcal serogroups. Phylogeneticanalysis shows that the protein splits into two groups, and that one ofthese splits again to give three variants in total [101], and whileserum raised against a given variant is bactericidal within the samevariant group, it is not active against strains which express one of theother two variants i.e. there is intra-variant cross-protection, but notinter-variant cross-protection [99,101]. For maximum cross-strainefficacy, therefore, it is preferred that a composition should includemore than one variant of protein 741. An exemplary sequence from eachvariant is given in SEQ ID NO^(S): 10, 11 and 12 herein, starting with aN-terminal cysteine residue to which lipid will be covalently attachedin the native lipoprotein form. It is therefore preferred that thecomposition should include at least two of: (1) a first protein,comprising an amino acid sequence having at least a % sequence identityto SEQ ID NO:10 and/or comprising an amino acid sequence consisting of afragment of at least x contiguous amino acids from SEQ ID NO:10; (2) asecond protein, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least b %sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:11 and/or comprising an amino acidsequence consisting of a fragment of at least y contiguous amino acidsfrom SEQ ID NO:11; and (3) a third protein, comprising an amino acidsequence having at least c % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:12 and/orcomprising an amino acid sequence consisting of a fragment of at least zcontiguous amino acids from SEQ ID NO:12. The value of a is at least 85e.g. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, ormore. The value of b is at least 85 e.g. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, or more. The value of c is at least 85e.g. 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, ormore. The values of a, b and c are not intrinsically related to eachother. The value of x is at least 7 e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250). The valueof y is at least 7 e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250). The value of z is at least7 e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140,160, 180, 200, 225, 250). The values of x, y and z are not intrinsicallyrelated to each other. It is preferred that any given 741 amino acidsequence will not fall into more than one of categories (1), (2) and(3). Any given 741 sequence will thus fall into only one of categories(1), (2) and (3). It is thus preferred that: protein (1) has less than i% sequence identity to protein (2); protein (1) has less than j %sequence identity to protein (3); and protein (2) has less than k %sequence identity to protein (3). The value of i is 60 or more (e.g. 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, etc.) and is at most a. Thevalue of j is 60 or more (e.g. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89, 90, etc.) and is at most b. The value of k is 60 or more (e.g. 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, etc.) and is at most c. Thevalues of i, j and k are not intrinsically related to each other.

Compositions of the invention include a small number (e.g. fewer than tantigens, where t is 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 or 3) of purified serogroup Bantigens. It is particularly preferred that the composition should notinclude complex or undefined mixtures of antigens e.g. it is preferrednot to include outer membrane vesicles in the composition. The antigensare preferably expressed recombinantly in a heterologous host and thenpurified. For a composition including t MenB antigens, there may be tseparate polypeptides but, to reduce complexity even further, it ispreferred that at least two of the antigens are expressed as a singlepolypeptide chain (a ‘hybrid’ protein [refs. 83 to 85]) i.e. such thatthe t antigens form fewer than t polypeptides. Hybrid proteins offer twoprincipal advantages: first, a protein that may be unstable or poorlyexpressed on its own can be assisted by adding a suitable hybrid partnerthat overcomes the problem; second, commercial manufacture is simplifiedas only one expression and purification need be employed in order toproduce two separately-useful proteins. A hybrid protein included in acomposition of the invention may comprise two or more (i.e. 2, 3, 4 or5) of the five antigens listed above. Hybrids consisting of two of thefive antigens are preferred.

Within the combination of five basic antigens (NadA, 741, 953, 936 &287), an antigen may be present in more than one hybrid protein and/oras a non-hybrid protein. It is preferred, however, that an antigen ispresent either as a hybrid or as a non-hybrid, but not as both, althoughit may be useful to include protein 741 both as a hybrid and anon-hybrid (preferably lipoprotein) antigen, particularly where morethan one variant of 741 is used.

Hybrid proteins can be represented by the formulaNH₂-A-[-X-L-]_(n)-B—COOH, wherein: X is an amino acid sequence of one ofthe five basic antigens; L is an optional linker amino acid sequence; Ais an optional N-terminal amino acid sequence; B is an optionalC-terminal amino acid sequence; and n is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Most preferably, n is 2. Two-antigen hybrids for use in the inventioncomprise: NadA & 741; NadA & 936; NadA & 953; NadA & 287; 741 & 936; 741& 953; 741 & 287; 936 & 953; 936 & 287; 953 & 287. Two preferredproteins are: X₁ is a 936 and X₂ is a 741; X₁ is a 287 and X₂ is a 953.

If a —X— moiety has a leader peptide sequence in its wild-type form,this may be included or omitted in the hybrid protein. In someembodiments, the leader peptides will be deleted except for that of the—X— moiety located at the N-terminus of the hybrid protein i.e. theleader peptide of X₁ will be retained, but the leader peptides of X₂ . .. X_(n) will be omitted. This is equivalent to deleting all leaderpeptides and using the leader peptide of X₁ as moiety -A-.

For each n instances of [—X-L-], linker amino acid sequence -L- may bepresent or absent. For instance, when n=2 the hybrid may beNH₂—X₁-L₁-X₂-L₂-COOH, NH₂—X₁—X₂—COOH, NH₂—X₁-L₁-X₂—COOH,NH₂—X₁—X₂-L₂-COOH, etc. Linker amino acid sequence(s) -L- will typicallybe short (e.g. 20 or fewer amino acids i.e. 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13,12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examples comprise short peptidesequences which facilitate cloning, poly-glycine linkers (i.e.comprising Gly_(n) where n=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more), andhistidine tags (i.e. His where n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more). Othersuitable linker amino acid sequences will be apparent to those skilledin the art. A useful linker is GSGGGG (SEQ ID 9), with the Gly-Serdipeptide being formed from a BamHI restriction site, thus aidingcloning and manipulation, and the (Gly)₄ tetrapeptide being a typicalpoly-glycine linker. If X_(n+1) is a ΔG protein and L_(n) is a glycinelinker, this may be equivalent to X_(n+1) not being a ΔG protein andL_(n) being absent.

-A- is an optional N-terminal amino acid sequence. This will typicallybe short (e.g. 40 or fewer amino acids i.e. 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33,32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15,14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examples include leadersequences to direct protein trafficking, or short peptide sequenceswhich facilitate cloning or purification (e.g. histidine tags i.e. Hiswhere n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more). Other suitable N-terminalamino acid sequences will be apparent to those skilled in the art. If X₁lacks its own N-terminus methionine, -A- is preferably an oligopeptide(e.g. with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 amino acids) which provides aN-terminus methionine.

—B— is an optional C-terminal amino acid sequence. This will typicallybe short (e.g. 40 or fewer amino acids i.e. 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33,32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15,14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examples includesequences to direct protein trafficking, short peptide sequences whichfacilitate cloning or purification (e.g. comprising histidine tags i.e.His_(n) where n=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more), or sequences whichenhance protein stability. Other suitable C-terminal amino acidsequences will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Two particularly preferred hybrid proteins of the invention are asfollows:

n A X₁ L₁ X₂ L₂ B SEQ ID NO: 2 MA ΔG287 GSGGGG 953^((NL)) — — 7 2 M936^((NL)) GSGGGG ΔG741 — — 8

These two proteins may be used in combination with NadA (particularlywith SEQ ID NO:2). Thus a preferred composition of MenB antigens for usewith the invention thus includes a first polypeptide comprising aminoacid sequence SEQ ID NO:2, a second polypeptide comprising amino acidsequence SEQ ID NO:7 and a third polypeptide comprising amino acidsequence SEQ ID NO:8. This is a preferred group of MenB antigens for usewith the invention.

As mentioned above, compositions of the invention can induce a serumbactericidal antibody response that is effective against two or three ofMenB hypervirulent lineages A4, ET-5 and lineage 3. They mayadditionally induce bactericidal antibody responses against one or moreof hypervirulent lineages subgroup I, subgroup III, subgroup IV-1 orET-37 complex, and against other lineages e.g. hyperinvasive lineages.These antibody responses are conveniently measured in mice and are astandard indicator of vaccine efficacy [e.g. see end-note 14 ofreference 77]. Serum bactericidal activity (SBA) measures bacterialkilling mediated by complement, and can be assayed using human or babyrabbit complement. WHO standards require a vaccine to induce at least a4-fold rise in SBA in more than 90% of recipients.

The composition need not induce bactericidal antibodies against each andevery MenB strain within these hypervirulent lineages; rather, for anygiven group of four of more strains of serogroup B meningococcus withina particular hypervirulent lineage, the antibodies induced by thecomposition are bactericidal against at least 50% (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%,90% or more) of the group. Preferred groups of strains will includestrains isolated in at least four of the following countries: GB, AU,CA, NO, IT, US, NZ, NL, BR, and CU. The serum preferably has abactericidal titre of at least 1024 (e.g. 2¹⁰, 2¹¹, 2¹², 2¹³, 2¹⁴, 2¹⁵,2¹⁶, 2¹⁷, 2¹⁸ or higher, preferably at least 2¹⁴) i.e. the serum is ableto kill at least 50% of test bacteria of a particular strain whendiluted 1/1024, as described in reference 77.

Preferred compositions can induce bactericidal responses against thefollowing strains of serogroup B meningococcus: (i) from cluster A4,strain 961-5945 (B:2b:P1.21,16) and/or strain G2136 (B:−); (ii) fromET-5 complex, strain MC58 (B:15:P1.7,16b) and/or strain 44/76(B:15:P1.7,16); (iii) from lineage 3, strain 394/98 (B:4:P1.4) and/orstrain BZ198 (B:NT:−). More preferred compositions can inducebactericidal responses against strains 961-5945, 44/76 and 394/98.Strains 961-5945 and G2136 are both Neisseria MLST reference strains[ids 638 & 1002 in ref. 102]. Strain MC58 is widely available (e.g. ATCCBAA-335) and was the strain sequenced in reference 75. Strain 44/76 hasbeen widely used and characterised (e.g. ref. 103) and is one of theNeisseria MLST reference strains [id 237 in ref. 102; row 32 of Table 2in ref. 104]. Strain 394/98 was originally isolated in New Zealand in1998, and there have been several published studies using this strain(e.g. refs. 105 & 106). Strain BZ198 is another MLST reference strain[id 409 in ref. 102; row 41 of Table 2 in ref. 104]. The composition mayadditionally induce a bactericidal response against serogroup W135strain LNP17592 (W135:2a:P1.5,2), from ET-37 complex. This is a Hajistrain isolated in France in 2000.

Other MenB polypeptide antigens which may be included in compositions ofthe invention include those comprising one of the following amino acidsequences: SEQ ID NO:650 from ref. 78; SEQ ID NO:878 from ref. 78; SEQID NO:884 from ref. 78; SEQ ID NO:4 from ref. 79; SEQ ID NO:598 fromref. 80; SEQ ID NO:818 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:864 from ref. 80; SEQ IDNO:866 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:1196 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:1272 fromref. 80; SEQ ID NO:1274 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:1640 from ref. 80; SEQID NO:1788 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2288 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2466from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2554 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2576 from ref. 80;SEQ ID NO:2606 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2608 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2616from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2668 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2780 from ref. 80;SEQ ID NO:2932 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2958 from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2970from ref. 80; SEQ ID NO:2988 from ref. 80, or a polypeptide comprisingan amino acid sequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g. 60%,70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more) to said sequences; and/or (b) comprisesa fragment of at least n consecutive amino acids from said sequences,wherein n is 7 or more (eg. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250 or more). Preferred fragments for(b) comprise an epitope from the relevant sequence. More than one (e.g.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more) of thesepolypeptides may be included.

Further Antigenic Components

Non-meningococcal and non-neisserial antigens, preferably ones that donot diminish the immune response against the meningococcal components,may also be included in compositions of the invention. Ref. 107, forinstance, discloses combinations of oligosaccharides from N.meningitidis serogroups B and C together with the Hib saccharide.Particularly preferred non-meningococcal antigens include:

-   -   a diphtheria antigen, such as a diphtheria toxoid [e.g. chapter        3 of ref.108].    -   a tetanus antigen, such as a tetanus toxoid [e.g. chapter 4 of        ref. 108].    -   pertussis holotoxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)        from B. pertussis, optionally also in combination with pertactin        and/or agglutinogens 2 and 3 [e.g. refs. 109 & 110].    -   cellular pertussis antigen.    -   an antigen from hepatitis A virus, such as inactivated virus        [e.g. 111, 112].    -   an antigen from hepatitis B virus, such as the surface and/or        core antigens [e.g. 112,113], with surface antigen preferably        being adsorbed onto an aluminium phosphate [114].    -   polio antigen(s) [e.g. 115, 116] such as IPV.

The mixture may comprise one or more of these further antigens, whichmay be detoxified where necessary (e.g. detoxification of pertussistoxin by chemical and/or genetic means).

Where a diphtheria antigen is included in the mixture it is preferredalso to include tetanus antigen and pertussis antigens. Similarly, wherea tetanus antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheriaand pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a pertussis antigen is includedit is preferred also to include diphtheria and tetanus antigens.

Antigens in the mixture will typically be present at a concentration ofat least 1 μg/ml each. In general, the concentration of any givenantigen will be sufficient to elicit an immune response against thatantigen. It is preferred that the protective efficacy of individualsaccharide antigens is not removed by combining them, although actualimmunogenicity (e.g. ELISA titres) may be reduced.

As an alternative to using proteins antigens in the mixture, nucleicacid encoding the antigen may be used. Protein components of the mixturemay thus be replaced by nucleic acid (preferably DNA e.g. in the form ofa plasmid) that encodes the protein. Similarly, compositions of theinvention may comprise proteins which mimic saccharide antigens e.g.mimotopes [117] or anti-idiotype antibodies. These may replaceindividual saccharide components, or may supplement them. As an example,the vaccine may comprise a peptide mimic of the MenC [118] or the MenA[119] capsular polysaccharide in place of the saccharide itself.

Two preferred non-meningococcal antigens for inclusion in compositionsof the invention are those which protect against H. influenzae type B(Hib) and against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)

Where the composition includes a H. influenzae type B antigen, it willtypically be a Hib capsular saccharide antigen. Saccharide antigens fromH. influenzae b are well known.

Advantageously, the Hib saccharide is covalently conjugated to a carrierprotein, in order to enhance its immunogenicity, especially in children.The preparation of polysaccharide conjugates in general, and of the Hibcapsular polysaccharide in particular, is well documented [e.g.references 21-29, etc.]. The invention may use any suitable Hibconjugate. Suitable carrier proteins are described above, and preferredcarriers for Hib saccharides are CRM₁₉₇ (‘HbOC’), tetanus toxoid(‘TRP-T’) and the outer membrane complex of N. meningitidis (‘PRP-OMP’).

The saccharide moiety of the conjugate may be a polysaccharide (e.g.full-length polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)), but it is preferred tohydrolyse polysaccharides to form oligosaccharides (e.g. MW from ˜1 to˜5 kDa).

A preferred conjugate comprises a Hib oligosaccharide covalently linkedto CRM₁₉₇ via an adipic acid linker [120, 121]. Tetanus toxoid is also apreferred carrier.

Administration of the Hib antigen preferably results in an anti-PRPantibody concentration of ≧0.15 μg/ml, and more preferably ≧1 μg/ml.

Where a composition includes a Hib saccharide antigen, it is preferredthat it does not also include an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. If thecomposition includes an aluminium phosphate adjuvant then the Hibantigen may be adsorbed to the adjuvant [122] or it may be non-adsorbed[123]. Prevention of adsorption can be achieved by selecting the correctpH during antigen/adjuvant mixing, an adjuvant with an appropriate pointof zero charge, and an appropriate order of mixing for the variousdifferent antigens in a composition [124].

Compositions of the invention may comprise more than one Hib antigen.Hib antigens may be lyophilised e.g. for reconstitution by meningococcalcompositions of the invention.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Where the composition includes a S. pneumoniae antigen, it willtypically be a capsular saccharide antigen which is preferablyconjugated to a carrier protein [e.g. refs. 125 to 127]. It is preferredto include saccharides from more than one serotype of S. pneumoniae. Forexample, mixtures of polysaccharides from 23 different serotype arewidely used, as are conjugate vaccines with polysaccharides from between5 and 11 different serotypes [128]. For example, PrevNar™ [1] containsantigens from seven serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) witheach saccharide individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ by reductiveamination, with 2 μg of each saccharide per 0.5 ml dose (4 μg ofserotype 6B), and with conjugates adsorbed on an aluminium phosphateadjuvant. Compositions of the invention preferably include at leastserotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F. Conjugates may be adsorbed onto analuminium phosphate.

As an alternative to using saccharide antigens from pneumococcus, thecomposition may include one or more polypeptide antigens. Genomesequences for several strains of pneumococcus are available [129,130]and can be subjected to reverse vaccinology [131-134] to identifysuitable polypeptide antigens [135,136]. For example, the compositionmay include one or more of the following antigens: PhtA, PhtD, PhtB,PhtE, SpsA, LytB, LytC, LytA, Sp125, Sp101, Sp128, Sp130 and Sp130, asdefined in reference 137. The composition may include more than one(e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14) of these antigens.

In some embodiments, the composition may include both saccharide andpolypeptide antigens from pneumococcus. These may be used in simpleadmixture, or the pneumococcal saccharide antigen may be conjugated to apneumococcal protein. Suitable carrier proteins for such embodimentsinclude the antigens listed in the previous paragraph [137].

Pneumococcal antigens may be lyophilised e.g. together with Hib antigen.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The composition of the invention will typically, in addition to thecomponents mentioned above, comprise one or more ‘pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers’, which include any carrier that does not itselfinduce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receivingthe composition. Suitable carriers are typically large, slowlymetabolised macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylacticacids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers,sucrose [138], trehalose [139], lactose, and lipid aggregates (such asoil droplets or liposomes). Such carriers are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. The vaccines may also contain diluents, suchas water, saline, glycerol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances,such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and thelike, may be present. Sterile pyrogen-free, phosphate-bufferedphysiologic saline is a typical carrier. A thorough discussion ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in reference 140.

Compositions of the invention are in aqueous form i.e. solutions orsuspensions. Liquid formulation of this type allows the compositions tobe administered direct from their packaged form, without the need forreconstitution in an aqueous medium, and are thus ideal for injection.Compositions may be presented in vials, or they may be presented inready-filled syringes. The syringes may be supplied with or withoutneedles. A syringe will include a single dose of the composition,whereas a vial may include a single dose or multiple doses.

Liquid compositions of the invention are also suitable forreconstituting other vaccines from a lyophilised form e.g. toreconstitute lyophilised Hib or DTP antigens. Where a composition of theinvention is to be used for such extemporaneous reconstitution, theinvention provides a kit, which may comprise two vials, or may compriseone ready-filled syringe and one vial, with the contents of the syringebeing used to reactivate the contents of the vial prior to injection.

Compositions of the invention may be packaged in unit dose form or inmultiple dose form. For multiple dose forms, vials are preferred topre-filled syringes. Effective dosage volumes can be routinelyestablished, but a typical human dose of the composition for injectionhas a volume of 0.5 ml.

The pH of the composition is preferably between 6 and 8, preferablyabout 7. Stable pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer. If acomposition comprises an aluminium hydroxide salt, it is preferred touse a histidine buffer [141]. The composition may be sterile and/orpyrogen-free. Compositions of the invention may be isotonic with respectto humans.

Compositions of the invention are immunogenic, and are more preferablyvaccine compositions. Vaccines according to the invention may either beprophylactic (i.e. to prevent infection) or therapeutic (i.e. to treatinfection), but will typically be prophylactic Immunogenic compositionsused as vaccines comprise an immunologically effective amount ofantigen(s), as well as any other components, as needed. By‘immunologically effective amount’, it is meant that the administrationof that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of aseries, is effective for treatment or prevention. This amount variesdepending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to betreated, age, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (e.g.non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual'simmune system to synthesise antibodies, the degree of protectiondesired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor'sassessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It isexpected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that canbe determined through routine trials.

Within each dose, the quantity of an individual saccharide antigen willgenerally be between 1-50 μg (measured as mass of saccharide) e.g. about1 μg, about 2.5 μg, about 4 μg, about 5 μg, or about 10 μg.

Each saccharide may be present at substantially the same quantity perdose. However, the ratio (w/w) of MenY saccharide:MenW135 saccharide maybe greater than 1 (e.g. 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1 or higher) and/or theratio (w/w) of MenY saccharide:MenC saccharide may be less than 1 (e.g.1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, or lower).

Preferred ratios (w/w) for saccharides from serogroups A:C:W135:Y are:1:1:1:1; 1:1:1:2; 2:1:1:1; 4:2:1:1; 8:4:2:1; 4:2:1:2; 8:4:1:2; 4:2:2:1;2:2:1:1; 4:4:2:1; 2:2:1:2; 4:4:1:2; and 2:2:2:1. Preferred ratios (w/w)for saccharides from serogroups C:W135:Y are: 1:1:1; 1:1:2; 1:1:1;2:1:1; 4:2:1; 2:1:2; 4:1:2; 2:2:1; and 2:1:1. Using a substantiallyequal mass of each saccharide is preferred.

Preferred compositions of the invention comprise less than 50 μgmeningococcal saccharide per dose. Other preferred compositions comprise≦40 μg meningococcal saccharide per dose. Other preferred compositionscomprise ≦30 μg meningococcal saccharide per dose. Other preferredcompositions comprise ≦25 μg meningococcal saccharide per dose. Otherpreferred compositions comprise ≦20 μg meningococcal saccharide perdose. Other preferred compositions comprise ≦10 μg meningococcalsaccharide per dose but, ideally, compositions of the invention compriseat least 10 μg total meningococcal saccharide per dose.

Compositions of the invention may include an antimicrobial, particularlywhen packaged in multiple dose format.

Compositions of the invention may comprise detergent e.g. a Tween(polysorbate), such as Tween 80. Detergents are generally present at lowlevels e.g. <0.01%.

Compositions of the invention may include sodium salts (e.g. sodiumchloride) to give tonicity. A concentration of 10±2 mg/ml NaCl istypical.

Compositions of the invention will generally include a buffer. Aphosphate buffer is typical.

Compositions of the invention will generally be administered inconjunction with other immunoregulatory agents. In particular,compositions will usually include one or more adjuvants. Such adjuvantsinclude, but are not limited to:

A. Mineral-Containing Compositions

Mineral containing compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in theinvention include mineral salts, such as aluminium salts and calciumsalts. The invention includes mineral salts such as hydroxides (e.g.oxyhydroxides), phosphates (e.g. hydroxyphosphates, orthophosphates),sulphates, etc. [e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of ref. 142], or mixtures ofdifferent mineral compounds, with the compounds taking any suitable form(e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.), and with adsorption beingpreferred. The mineral containing compositions may also be formulated asa particle of metal salt [143].

B. Oil Emulsions

Oil emulsion compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the inventioninclude squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 [Chapter 10 of ref. 142;see also ref. 144] (5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85,formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer). CompleteFreund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) may alsobe used.

C. Saponin Formulations [Chapter 22 of Ref 142]

Saponin formulations may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.Saponins are a heterologous group of sterol glycosides and triterpenoidglycosides that are found in the bark, leaves, stems, roots and evenflowers of a wide range of plant species. Saponin from the bark of theQuillaia saponaria Molina tree have been widely studied as adjuvants.Saponin can also be commercially obtained from Smilax ornata(sarsaprilla), Gypsophilla paniculata (brides veil), and Saponariaofficianalis (soap root). Saponin adjuvant formulations include purifiedformulations, such as QS21, as well as lipid formulations, such asISCOMs. QS21 is marketed as Stimulon™.

Saponin compositions have been purified using HPLC and RP-HPLC. Specificpurified fractions using these techniques have been identified,including QS7, QS17, QS18, QS21, QH-A, QH-B and QH-C. Preferably, thesaponin is QS21. A method of production of QS21 is disclosed in ref.145. Saponin formulations may also comprise a sterol, such ascholesterol [146].

Combinations of saponins and cholesterols can be used to form uniqueparticles called immunostimulating complexs (ISCOMs) [chapter 23 of ref.142]. ISCOMs typically also include a phospholipid such asphosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. Any known saponin canbe used in ISCOMs. Preferably, the ISCOM includes one or more of QuilA,QHA and QHC. ISCOMs are further described in refs. 146-148. Optionally,the ISCOMS may be devoid of additional detergent [149].

A review of the development of saponin based adjuvants can be found inrefs. 150 & 151.

D. Virosomes and Virus-Like Particles

Virosomes and virus-like particles (VLPs) can also be used as adjuvantsin the invention. These structures generally contain one or moreproteins from a virus optionally combined or formulated with aphospholipid. They are generally non-pathogenic, non-replicating andgenerally do not contain any of the native viral genome. The viralproteins may be recombinantly produced or isolated from whole viruses.These viral proteins suitable for use in virosomes or VLPs includeproteins derived from influenza virus (such as HA or NA), Hepatitis Bvirus (such as core or capsid proteins), Hepatitis E virus, measlesvirus, Sindbis virus, Rotavirus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus,Retrovirus, Norwalk virus, human Papilloma virus, HIV, RNA-phages,Qβ-phage (such as coat proteins), GA-phage, fr-phage, AP205 phage, andTy (such as retrotransposon Ty protein p1). VLPs are discussed furtherin refs. 152-157. Virosomes are discussed further in, for example, ref.158

E. Bacterial or Microbial Derivatives

Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include bacterial ormicrobial derivatives such as non-toxic derivatives of enterobacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS), Lipid A derivatives, immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides and ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivativesthereof.

Non-toxic derivatives of LPS include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL). 3dMPL is a mixture of 3 de-O-acylatedmonophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains. A preferred“small particle” form of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A isdisclosed in ref. 159. Such “small particles” of 3dMPL are small enoughto be sterile filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane [159]. Other non-toxicLPS derivatives include monophosphoryl lipid A mimics, such asaminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate derivatives e.g. RC-529 [160,161].

Lipid A derivatives include derivatives of lipid A from Escherichia colisuch as OM-174. OM-174 is described for example in refs. 162 & 163.

Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides suitable for use as adjuvants in theinvention include nucleotide sequences containing a CpG motif (adinucleotide sequence containing an unmethylated cytosine linked by aphosphate bond to a guanosine). Double-stranded RNAs andoligonucleotides containing palindromic or poly(dG) sequences have alsobeen shown to be immunostimulatory.

The CpG's can include nucleotide modifications/analogs such asphosphorothioate modifications and can be double-stranded orsingle-stranded. References 164, 165 and 166 disclose possible analogsubstitutions e.g. replacement of guanosine with2′-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine. The adjuvant effect of CpG oligonucleotidesis further discussed in refs. 167-172.

The CpG sequence may be directed to TLR9, such as the motif GTCGTT orTTCGTT [173]. The CpG sequence may be specific for inducing a Th1 immuneresponse, such as a CpG-A ODN, or it may be more specific for inducing aB cell response, such a CpG-B ODN. CpG-A and CpG-B ODNs are discussed inrefs. 174-176. Preferably, the CpG is a CpG-A ODN.

Preferably, the CpG oligonucleotide is constructed so that the 5′ end isaccessible for receptor recognition. Optionally, two CpG oligonucleotidesequences may be attached at their 3′ ends to form “immunomers”. See,for example, refs. 173 & 177-179.

Bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof maybe used as adjuvants in the invention. Preferably, the protein isderived from E. coli (E. coli heat labile enterotoxin “LT”), cholera(“CT”), or pertussis (“PT”). The use of detoxified ADP-ribosylatingtoxins as mucosal adjuvants is described in ref. 180 and as parenteraladjuvants in ref. 181. The toxin or toxoid is preferably in the form ofa holotoxin, comprising both A and B subunits. Preferably, the A subunitcontains a detoxifying mutation; preferably the B subunit is notmutated. Preferably, the adjuvant is a detoxified LT mutant such asLT-K63, LT-R72, and LT-G192. The use of ADP-ribosylating toxins anddetoxified derivaties thereof, particularly LT-K63 and LT-R72, asadjuvants can be found in refs. 182-189. Numerical reference for aminoacid substitutions is preferably based on the alignments of the A and Bsubunits of ADP-ribosylating toxins set forth in ref. 190, specificallyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

F. Human Immunomodulators

Human immunomodulators suitable for use as adjuvants in the inventioninclude cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5,IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 [191], etc.) [192], interferons (e.g. interferon-γ),macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor.

G. Bioadhesives and Mucoadhesives

Bioadhesives and mucoadhesives may also be used as adjuvants in theinvention. Suitable bioadhesives include esterified hyaluronic acidmicrospheres [193] or mucoadhesives such as cross-linked derivatives ofpoly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrollidone,polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose. Chitosan and derivativesthereof may also be used as adjuvants in the invention [194].

H. Microparticles

Microparticles may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.Microparticles (i.e. a particle of ˜100 nm to ˜150 μm in diameter, morepreferably ˜200 nm to ˜30 μm in diameter, and most preferably ˜500 nm to˜10 μm in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable andnon-toxic (e.g. a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, apolyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone, etc.), withpoly(lactide-co-glycolide) are preferred, optionally treated to have anegatively-charged surface (e.g. with SDS) or a positively-chargedsurface (e.g. with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB).

I. Liposomes (Chapters 13 & 14 of ref 142)

Examples of liposome formulations suitable for use as adjuvants aredescribed in refs. 195-197.

J. Polyoxyethylene Ether and Polyoxyethylene Ester Formulations

Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include polyoxyethyleneethers and polyoxyethylene esters [198]. Such formulations furtherinclude polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactants in combination withan octoxynol [199] as well as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or estersurfactants in combination with at least one additional non-ionicsurfactant such as an octoxynol [200]. Preferred polyoxyethylene ethersare selected from the following group: polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether(laureth 9), polyoxyethylene-9-steoryl ether, polyoxytheylene-8-steorylether, polyoxyethylene-4-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-35-lauryl ether,and polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether.

K. Polyphosphazene (PCPP)

PCPP formulations are described, for example, in refs. 201 and 202.

L. Muramyl Peptides

Examples of muramyl peptides suitable for use as adjuvants in theinvention include N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP),N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP), andN-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamineMTP-PE).

M. Imidazoquinolone Compounds

Examples of imidazoquinolone compounds suitable for use adjuvants in theinvention include Imiquamod and its homologues (e.g. “Resiquimod 3M”),described further in refs. 203 and 204.

The invention may also comprise combinations of aspects of one or moreof the adjuvants identified above. For example, the following adjuvantcompositions may be used in the invention: (1) a saponin and anoil-in-water emulsion [205]; (2) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+a non-toxic LPSderivative (e.g. 3dMPL) [206]; (3) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+a non-toxic LPSderivative (e.g. 3dMPL)+a cholesterol; (4) a saponin (e.g.QS21)+3dMPL+IL-12 (optionally+a sterol) [207]; (5) combinations of 3dMPLwith, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions [208]; (6) SAF,containing 10% squalane, 0.4% Tween 80™, 5% pluronic-block polymer L121,and thr-MDP, either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexedto generate a larger particle size emulsion. (7) Ribi™ adjuvant system(RAS), (Ribi Immunochem) containing 2% squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and oneor more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting ofmonophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wallskeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); and (8) one or more mineralsalts (such as an aluminum salt)+a non-toxic derivative of LPS (such as3dMPL).

Other substances that act as immunostimulating agents are disclosed inchapter 7 of ref. 142.

The use of aluminium salt adjuvants is particularly preferred, andantigens are generally adsorbed to such salts. The Menjugate™ andNeisVac™ MenC conjugates use a hydroxide adjuvant, whereas Meningitec™uses a phosphate. It is possible in compositions of the invention toadsorb some antigens to an aluminium hydroxide but to have otherantigens in association with an aluminium phosphate. In general,however, it is preferred to use only a single salt e.g. a hydroxide or aphosphate, but not both. Aluminium hydroxide is preferably avoided as anadjuvant, particularly if the composition includes a Hib antigen.Compositions that do not contain aluminium hydroxide are thus preferred.Rather, aluminium phosphates may be used, and a typical adjuvant isamorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate with PO₄/Al molar ratio between0.84 and 0.92, included at 0.6 mg Al³⁺/ml. Adsorption with a low dose ofaluminium phosphate may be used e.g. between 50 and 100 μg Al³⁺ perconjugate per dose. Where an aluminium phosphate it used and it isdesired not to adsorb an antigen to the adjuvant, this is favoured byincluding free phosphate ions in solution (e.g. by the use of aphosphate buffer).

Not all conjugates need to be adsorbed i.e. some or all can be free insolution.

Calcium phosphate is another preferred adjuvant.

Methods of Treatment

The invention also provides a method for raising an antibody response ina mammal, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention to the mammal.

The invention provides a method for raising an immune response in amammal comprising the step of administering an effective amount of acomposition of the invention. The immune response is preferablyprotective and preferably involves antibodies. The method may raise abooster response.

The mammal is preferably a human. Where the vaccine is for prophylacticuse, the human is preferably a child (e.g. a toddler or infant) or ateenager; where the vaccine is for therapeutic use, the human ispreferably an adult. A vaccine intended for children may also beadministered to adults e.g. to assess safety, dosage, immunogenicity,etc.

The invention also provides a composition of the invention for use as amedicament. The medicament is preferably able to raise an immuneresponse in a mammal (i.e. it is an immunogenic composition) and is morepreferably a vaccine.

The invention also provides the use of a (i) a conjugated serogroup Ccapsular saccharide antigen; (ii) a conjugated serogroup W135 capsularsaccharide antigen; (iii) a conjugated serogroup Y capsular saccharideantigen; (iv) one or more polypeptide antigens from serogroup B; and,optionally, (v) a conjugated serogroup A capsular saccharide antigen, inthe manufacture of a medicament for raising an immune response in amammal.

These uses and methods are preferably for the prevention and/ortreatment of a disease caused by a Neisseria (e.g. meningitis,septicaemia, bacteremia, gonorrhoea, etc.). The prevention and/ortreatment of bacterial and/or meningococcal meningitis is preferred.

One way of checking efficacy of therapeutic treatment involvesmonitoring Neisserial infection after administration of the compositionof the invention. One way of checking efficacy of prophylactic treatmentinvolves monitoring immune responses against the five basic antigensafter administration of the composition Immunogenicity of compositionsof the invention can be determined by administering them to testsubjects (e.g. children 12-16 months age, or animal models [209]) andthen determining standard parameters including serum bactericidalantibodies (SBA) and ELISA titres (GMT) of total and high-avidityanti-capsule IgG. These immune responses will generally be determinedaround 4 weeks after administration of the composition, and compared tovalues determined before administration of the composition. A SBAincrease of at least 4-fold or 8-fold is preferred. Where more than onedose of the composition is administered, more than onepost-administration determination may be made.

Preferred compositions of the invention can confer an antibody titre ina patient that is superior to the criterion for seroprotection for eachantigenic component for an acceptable percentage of human subjects.Antigens with an associated antibody titre above which a host isconsidered to be seroconverted against the antigen are well known, andsuch titres are published by organisations such as WHO. Preferably morethan 80% of a statistically significant sample of subjects isseroconverted, more preferably more than 90%, still more preferably morethan 93% and most preferably 96-100%.

Compositions of the invention will generally be administered directly toa patient. Direct delivery may be accomplished by parenteral injection(e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly,or to the interstitial space of a tissue), or by rectal, oral, vaginal,topical, transdermal, intranasal, ocular, aural, pulmonary or othermucosal administration. Intramuscular administration to the thigh or theupper arm is preferred. Injection may be via a needle (e.g. a hypodermicneedle), but needle-free injection may alternatively be used. A typicalintramuscular dose is 0.5 ml.

The invention may be used to elicit systemic and/or mucosal immunity.

Dosage treatment can be a single dose schedule or a multiple doseschedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunisation scheduleand/or in a booster immunisation schedule. A primary dose schedule maybe followed by a booster dose schedule. Suitable timing between primingdoses (e.g. between 4-16 weeks), and between priming and boosting, canbe routinely determined.

Neisserial infections affect various areas of the body and so thecompositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms. Forexample, the compositions may be prepared as injectables, either asliquid solutions or suspensions. The composition may be prepared forpulmonary administration e.g. as an inhaler, using a fine powder or aspray. The composition may be prepared as a suppository or pessary. Thecomposition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administratione.g. as spray, drops, gel or powder [e.g. refs 210 & 211]. Success withnasal administration of pneumococcal saccharides [212,213], pneumococcalpolypeptides [214], Hib saccharides [215], MenC saccharides [216], andmixtures of Hib and MenC saccharide conjugates has been reported.

Storage Stability

The compositions of the invention offer improved stability, particularlyfor the serogroup A saccharide component. The invention provides aprocess for preparing a vaccine composition, comprising the steps of:(1) mixing (i) a conjugated serogroup C capsular saccharide antigen,(ii) a conjugated serogroup W135 capsular saccharide antigen, (iii) aconjugated serogroup Y capsular saccharide antigen, and (iv) one or morepolypeptide antigens from serogroup B; (2) storing the compositionresulting from step (1) for at least 1 week; (3) preparing a syringecontaining the stored composition from step (2), ready for injection toa patient; and, optionally (4) injecting the composition into thepatient.

Step (1) may also involve mixing (v) a conjugated serogroup A capsularsaccharide antigen. It may also involve mixing (vi) a conjugated Hibantigen. It may also involve mixing (vii) a pneumococcal antigen. Step(2) preferably involves at least 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10weeks, 12 weeks or longer of storage. Storage step (2) may or may not bebelow room temperature (e.g. at 10±10° C.).

The invention also provides a process for preparing a vaccinecomposition, comprising the steps of: (1) mixing (i) a conjugatedserogroup C capsular saccharide antigen, (ii) a conjugated serogroupW135 capsular saccharide antigen, (iii) a conjugated serogroup Ycapsular saccharide antigen, and (iv) one or more polypeptide antigensfrom serogroup B; and (2) extracting a unit dose volume from the mixedantigens; and (c) packaging the extracted unit dose in ahermetically-sealed container.

Step (1) may also involve mixing (v) a conjugated serogroup A capsularsaccharide antigen. It may also involve mixing (vi) a conjugated Hibantigen. It may also involve mixing (vii) a pneumococcal antigen. Thehermetically-sealed container may be a vial or a syringe.

The invention provides a hermetically-sealed container, containing acomposition of the invention.

General

The term “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. acomposition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may includesomething additional e.g. X+Y.

The term “about” in relation to a numerical value x means, for example,x±10%.

The word “substantially” does not exclude “completely” e.g. acomposition which is “substantially free” from Y may be completely freefrom Y. Where necessary, the word “substantially” may be omitted fromthe definition of the invention.

References to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acidsequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids arethe same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percenthomology or sequence identity can be determined using software programsknown in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 ofreference 218. A preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Watermanhomology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap openpenalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. TheSmith-Waterman homology search algorithm is taught in reference 219.

The term “alkyl” refers to alkyl groups in both straight and branchedforms, The alkyl group may be interrupted with 1, 2 or 3 heteroatomsselected from —O—, —NH— or —S—. The alkyl group may also be interruptedwith 1, 2 or 3 double and/or triple bonds. However, the term “alkyl”usually refers to alkyl groups having no heteroatom interruptions ordouble or triple bond interruptions. Where reference is made to C₁₋₁₂alkyl, it is meant the alkyl group may contain any number of carbonatoms between 1 and 12 (e.g. C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀,C₁₁, C₁₂). Similarly, where reference is made to C₁₋₆ alkyl, it is meantthe alkyl group may contain any number of carbon atoms between 1 and 6(e.g. C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆).

The term “cycloalkyl” includes cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, andcycloalkenyl groups, as well as combinations of these with alkyl groups,such as cycloalkylalkyl groups. The cycloalkyl group may be interruptedwith 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from —O—, —NH— or —S—. However, theterm “cycloalkyl” usually refers to cycloalkyl groups having noheteroatom interruptions Examples of cycloalkyl groups includecyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexylmethyl and adamantylgroups. Where reference is made to C₃₋₁₂ cycloalkyl, it is meant thatthe cycloalkyl group may contain any number of carbon atoms between 3and 12 (e.g. C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂).

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic group, such as phenyl or naphthyl.Where reference is made to C₅₋₁₂ aryl, it is meant that the aryl groupmay contain any number of carbon atoms between 5 and 12 (e.g. C₅, C₆,C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂).

The term “C₅₋₁₂ aryl-C₁₋₆ alkyl” refers to groups such as benzyl,phenylethyl and naphthylmethyl.

Nitrogen protecting groups include silyl groups (such as TMS, TES, TBS,TIPS), acyl derivatives (such as phthalimides, trifluoroacetamides,methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc),benzyloxycarbonyl (Z or Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc),2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy carbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl(Troc)), sulfonyl derivatives (such as β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl(SES)), sulfenyl derivatives, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, benzyl, benzhydryl, trityl,9-phenylfluorenyl etc. A preferred nitrogen protecting group is Fmoc.

Sequences included to facilitate cloning or purification, etc., do notnecessarily contribute to the invention and may be omitted or removed.

It will be appreciated that sugar rings can exist in open and closedform and that, whilst closed forms are shown in structural formulaeherein, open forms are also encompassed by the invention.

Polypeptides of the invention can be prepared by various means (e.g.recombinant expression, purification from cell culture, chemicalsynthesis (at least in part), etc.) and in various forms (e.g. native,fusions, non-glycosylated, lipidated, etc.). They are preferablyprepared in substantially pure form (i.e. substantially free from otherN. meningitidis or host cell proteins). Whilst expression of thepolypeptide may take place in Neisseria, a heterologous host ispreferred. The heterologous host may be prokaryotic (e.g. a bacterium)or eukaryotic. It is preferably E. coli, but other suitable hostsinclude Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonellatyphimurium, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria cinerea, Mycobacteria (e.g.M. tuberculosis), yeast, etc.

Nucleic acid according to the invention can be prepared in many ways(e.g. by chemical synthesis (at least in part), from genomic or cDNAlibraries, from the organism itself, etc.) and can take various forms(e.g. single stranded, double stranded, vectors, probes, etc.). They arepreferably prepared in substantially pure form (i.e. substantially freefrom other N. meningitidis or host cell nucleic acids). The term“nucleic acid” includes DNA and RNA, and also their analogues, such asthose containing modified backbones (e.g. phosphorothioates, etc.), andalso peptide nucleic acids (PNA) etc. The invention includes nucleicacid comprising sequences complementary to those described above (eg.for antisense or probing purposes).

After serogroup, meningococcal classification includes serotype,serosubtype and then immunotype, and the standard nomenclature listsserogroup, serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype, each separated by acolon e.g. B:4:P1.15:L3,7,9. Within serogroup B, some lineages causedisease often (hyperinvasive), some lineages cause more severe forms ofdisease than others (hypervirulent), and others rarely cause disease atall. Seven hypervirulent lineages are recognised, namely subgroups I,III and IV-1, ET-5 complex, ET-37 complex, A4 cluster and lineage 3.These have been defined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), butmultilocus sequence typing (MLST) has also been used to classifymeningococci [ref. 104].

Sequences SEQ ID 1 - NadA from strain 2996, with C-terminus deletionMKHFPSKVLTTAILATFCSGALAATNDDDVKKAATVAIAAAYNNGQEINGFKAGETIYDIDEDGTITKKDATAADVEADDFKGLGLKKVVTNLTKTVNENKQNVDAKVKAAESEIEKLTTKLADTDAALADTDAALDATTNALNKLGENITTFAEETKTNIVKIDEKLEAVADTVDKHAEAFNDIADSLDETNTKADEAVKTANEAKQTAEETKQNVDAKVKAAETAAGKAEAAAGTANTAADKAEAVAAKVTDIKADIATNKDNIAKKANSADVYTREESDSKFVRIDGLNATTEKLDTRLASAEKSIADHDTRLNGLDKTVSDLRKETRQGLAEQAALSGLFQPYNVGSEQ ID 2 - NadA from strain 2996, with C-terminus deletion and leader  peptide processedATNDDDVKKAATVAIAAAYNNGQEINGFKAGETIYDIDEDGTITKKDATAADVEADDFKGLGLKKVVTNLTKTVNENKQNVDAKVKAAESEIEKLTTKLADTDAALADTDAALDATTNALNKLGENITTFAEETKTNIVKIDEKLEAVADTVDKHAEAFNDIADSLDETNTKADEAVKTANEAKQTAEETKQNVDAKVKAAETAAGKAEAAAGTANTAADKAEAVAAKVTDIKADIATNKDNIAKKANSADVYTREESDSKFVRIDGLNATTEKLDTRLASAEKSIADHDTRLNGLDKTVSDLRKETRQGLAEQAALSGLFQPYNVG SEQ ID 3 - ΔG741 from MC58 strainVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLQSLTLDQSVRKNEKLKLAAQGAEKTYGNGDSLNTGKLKNDKVSRFDFIRQIEVDGQLITLESGEFQVYKQSHSALTAFQTEQIQDSEHSGKMVAKRQFRIGDIAGEHTSFDKLPEGGRATYRGTAFGSDDAGGKLTYTIDFAAKQGNGKIEHLKSPELNVDLAAADIKPDGKRHAVISGSVLYNQAEKGSYSLGIFGGKAQEVAGSAEVKTVNGIRHIGLAAKQSEQ ID 4 - 936 from MC58 strain with leader peptide processedVSAVIGSAAVGAKSAVDRRTTGAQTDDNVMALRIETTARSYLRQNNQTKGYTPQISVVGYNRHLLLLGQVATEGEKQFVGQIARSEQAAEGVYNYITVASLPRTAGDIAGDTWNTSKVRATLLGISPATQARVKIVTYGNVTYVMGILTPEEQAQITQKVSTTVGVQKVITLYQNYVQRSEQ ID 5 - 953 from MC58 strain with leader peptide processedATYKVDEYHANARFAIDHFNTSTNVGGFYGLTGSVEFDQAKRDGKIDITIPIANLQSGSQHFTDHLKSADIFDAAQYPDIRFVSTKFNFNGKKLVSVDGNLTMHGKTAPVKLKAEKFNCYQSPMEKTEVCGGDFSTTIDRTKWGMDYLVNVGMTKSVRIDIQIEAAKQ SEQ ID 6 - ΔG287 from MC58 strainSPDVKSADTLSKPAAPVVSEKETEAKEDAPQAGSQGQGAPSAQGSQDMAAVSEENTGNGGAVTADNPKNEDEVAQNDMPQNAAGTDSSTPNHTPDPNMLAGNMENQATDAGESSQPANQPDMANAADGMQGDDPSAGGQNAGNTAAQGANQAGNNQAAGSSDPIPASNPAPANGGSNFGRVDLANGVLIDGPSQNITLTHCKGDSCSGNNFLDEEVQLKSEFEKLSDADKISNYKKDGKNDKFVGLVADSVQMKGINQYIIFYKPKPTSFARFRRSARSRRSLPAEMPLIPVNQADTLIVDGEAVSLTGHSGNIFAPEGNYRYLTYGAEKLPGGSYALRVQGEPAKGEMLAGAAVYNGEVLHFHTENGRPYPTRGRFAAKVDFGSKSVDGIIDSGDDLHMGTQKFKAAIDGNGFKGTWTENGSGDVSGKFYGPAGEEVAGKYSYRPTDAEKGGFGVFAGKKEQD SEQ ID 7 - 287-953 hybridMASPDVKSADTLSKPAAPVVSEKETEAKEDAPQAGSQGQGAPSAQGGQDMAAVSEENTGNGGAAATDKPKNEDEGAQNDMPQNAADTDSLTPNHTPASNMPAGNMENQAPDAGESEQPANQPDMANTADGMQGDDPSAGGENAGNTAAQGTNQAENNQTAGSQNPASSTNPSATNSGGDFGRTNVGNSVVIDGPSQNITLTHCKGDSCSGNNFLDEEVQLKSEFEKLSDADKISNYKKDGKNDGKNDKFVGLVADSVQMKGINQYIIFYKPKPTSFARFRRSARSRRSLPAEMPLIPVNQADTLIVDGEAVSLTGHSGNIFAPEGNYRYLTYGAEKLPGGSYALRVQGEPSKGEMLAGTAVYNGEVLHFHTENGRPSPSRGRFAAKVDFGSKSVDGIIDSGDGLHMGTQKFKAAIDGNGFKGTWTENGGGDVSGKFYGPAGEEVAGKYSYRPTDAEKGGFGVFAGKKEQDGSGGGGATYKVDEYHANARFAIDHFNTSTNVGGFYGLTGSVEFDQAKRDGKIDITIPVANLQSGSQHFTDHLKSADIFDAAQYPDIRFVSTKFNFNGKKLVSVDGNLTMHGKTAPVKLKAEKFNCYQSPMAKTEVCGGDFSTTIDRTKWGVDYLVNVGMTKSVRIDIQIEAAKQ*SEQ ID 8 - 936-741 hybridMVSAVIGSAAVGAKSAVDRRTTGAQTDDNVMALRIETTARSYLRQNNQTKGYTPQISVVGYNRHLLLLGQVATEGEKQFVGQIARSEQAAEGVYNYITVASLPRTAGDIAGDTWNTSKVRATLLGISPATQARVKIVTYGNVTYVMGILTPEEQAQITQKVSTTVGVQKVITLYQNYVQRGSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLQSLTLDQSVRKNEKLKLAAQGAEKTYGNGDSLNTGKLKNDKVSRFDFIRQIEVDGQLITLESGEFQVYKQSHSALTAFQTEQIQDSEHSGKMVAKRQFRIGDIAGEHTSFDKLPEGGRATYRGTAFGSDDAGGKLTYTIDFAAKQGNGKIEHLKSPELNVDLAAADIKPDGKRHAVISGSVLYNQAEKGSYSLGIFGGKAQEVAGSAEVKTVNGIRHIGLAAKQ*SEQ ID 9 - linker GSGGGG SEQ ID 10 - 741 sequenceCSSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLQSLTLDQSVRKNEKLKLAAQGAEKTYGNGDSLNTGKLKNDKVSRFDFIRQIEVDGQLITLESGEFQVYKQSHSALTAFQTEQIQDSEHSGKMVAKRQFRIGDIAGEHTSFDKLPEGGRATYRGTAFGSDDAGGKLTYTIDFAAKQGNGKIEHLKSPELNVDLAAADIKPDGKRHAVISGSVLYNQAEKGSYSLGIFGGKAQEVAGSAEVKTVNGIRHIGLAAKQ SEQ ID 11 - 741 sequenceCSSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKSLQSLTLDQSVRKNEKLKLAAQGAEKTYGNGDSLNTGKLKNDKVSRFDFIRQIEVDGQLITLESGEFQIYKQDHSAVVALQIEKINNPDKIDSLINQRSFLVSGLGGEHTAFNQLPDGKAEYHGKAFSSDDAGGKLTYTIDFAAKQGHGKIEHLKTPEQNVELAAAELKADEKSHAVILGDTRYGSEEKGTYHLALFGDRAQEIAGSATVKIGEKVHEIGIAGKQ SEQ ID 12 - 741 sequenceCSSGGGGSGGGGVAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDSIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFVQKIEVDGQTITLASGEFQIYKQNHSAVVALQIEKINNPDKTDSLINQRSFLVSGLGGEHTAFNQLPGGKAEYHGKAFSSDDPNGRLHYSIDFTKKQGYGRIEHLKTLEQNVELAAAELKADEKSHAVILGDTRYGSEEKGTYHLALFGDRAQEIAGSATVKIGEKVHEIGIAGKQ

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION ΔG287-953 Hybrid Protein

DNA encoding protein 287 from meningococcal serogroup B strain 394/98and protein 953 from meningococcal serogroup B strain 2996 were digestedand ligated, together with a short linker sequence, to give a plasmidencoding amino acid sequence SEQ ID 7. The plasmid was transfected intoE. coli and bacteria were grown to express the protein. After adequategrowth, bacteria were harvested and the protein was purified. Fromculture, bacteria were centrifuged and the pellet was homogenized in thepresence of 50 mM acetate buffer (pH 5) with a pellet:buffer volumeratio of 1:8. Lysis was performed using a high pressure homogenizer(AVESTIN, 4 cycles at 14000 psi). After lysis, urea was added at finalconcentration of 5M, followed by agitation for 1 hour at roomtemperature. The pH was reduced from 6 to 5 using 200 mM acetate buffer(pH 4)+5 M urea. The mixture was centrifuged at 16800 g for 60 minutesat 2-8° C. The supernatant was collected and filtered by SARTOBRAN P(0.45-0.22 μm SARTORIUS). Protein in the filtered supernatant was stablefor at least 30 days at −20° C. and for at least 15 days at 2-8° C.

Protein was further purified on a cationic exchange column (SPFF,Amersham Biosciences) with elution using 350 mM NaCl+50 mM acetate+5 Murea pH 5.00. The majority of impurities were present in the flow-thru.A pre-elution washing using a lower NaCl concentration (180 mM)advantageously eliminated two contaminating E. coli proteins.

The eluted material was adjusted to pH 8 (using 200 mM TRIS/HCl+5 M ureapH 9) and further purified on a Q Sepharose HP column (Amersham) withelution using 150 mM NaCl+20 mM TRIS/HCl pH 8.00 in 5 M urea. Again, apre-elution washing with reduced salt (90 mM) was useful for eliminatingimpurities.

The filtered eluted material from Q HP column was diluted 1:2 using PBSpH 7.00 (150 mM NaCl+10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.00) and thendiafiltered against 10 volumes of PBS pH 7.00 by tangentialultrafiltration. At the end of diafiltration the material wasconcentrated 1.6 times to about 1.2 mg/ml total proteins. Using a 30,000Da cut-off membrane (Regenerated Cellulose membrane 50 cm², MilliporePLCTK 30) it was possible to dialyze the material with a yield of about90%.

936-ΔG741 Hybrid Protein

DNA encoding protein 936 from meningococcal serogroup B strain 2996 andprotein 741 from meningococcal serogroup B strain MC58 were digested andligated, together with a short linker sequence, to give a plasmidencoding amino acid sequence SEQ ID 8. The plasmid was transfected intoE. coli and bacteria were grown to express the protein. The recombinantprotein was not secreted, but remained soluble within the bacteria.

After adequate growth, bacteria were centrifuged to give a humid pasteand treated as follows:

-   -   Homogenisation by high pressure system in presence of 20 mM        sodium phosphate pH 7.00.    -   Centrifugation and clarification by orthogonal filtration.    -   Cationic column chromatography (SP Sepharose Fast Flow), with        elution by 150 mM NaCl in 20 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.00.    -   Anionic column chromatography (Q Sepharose XL) with flow-through        harvesting.    -   Hydrophobic column chromatography (Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow        High Sub) with elution by 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.00.    -   Diafiltration against PBS pH 7.4 with a 10 Kd cut-off.    -   Final sterile filtration and storing at −20° C.

Protein in the final material was stable for at least 3 months both at−20° C. and at 2-8° C.

NadA^((NL)(C)) Protein

DNA encoding NadA protein from meningococcal serogroup B strain 2996 wasdigested to remove the sequence encoding its C-terminus, to give aplasmid encoding amino acid sequence SEQ ID 1. The plasmid wastransfected into E. coli and bacteria were grown to express the protein.The recombinant protein was secreted into the culture medium, and theleader peptide was absent in the secreted protein (SEQ ID 2). Thesupernatant was treated as follows:

-   -   Concentration 7× and diafiltration against buffer 20 mM TRIS/HCl        pH7.6 by cross flow UF (Cut off 30 Kd).    -   Anionic column chromatography (Q Sepharose XL), with elution by        400 mM NaCl in 20 mM TRIS/HCl pH 7.6.    -   Hydrophobic column chromatography step (Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast        Flow High Sub), with elution by 50 mM NaCl in TRIS/HCl pH 7.6.    -   Hydroxylapatite ceramic column chromatography (HA Macro. Prep)        with elution by 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.4.    -   Diafiltration (cut off 30 Kd) against PBS pH 7.4    -   Final sterile filtration and storing at −20° C.        Protein in the final material was stable for at least 6 months        both at −20° C. and at 2-8° C.

NadA protein is susceptible to degradation, and truncated forms of NadAmay be detected by western blot or by mass spectrometry (e.g. byMALDI-TOF) indicating up to 10 kDa MW loss. Degradation products can beseparated from native NadA by gel filtration (e.g. using column TSK300SWXL, precolumn TSKSWXL, TOSOHAAS). Such filtration gives threepeaks: (i) a first peak with retention time 12.637 min and apparent MW885.036 Da; (ii) retention time 13.871 min and apparent MW 530.388 Da;(iii) retention time 13.871 min and apparent MW 530.388 Da. Lightscattering analysis of the three peaks reveals real MW values of (i)208500 Da, (ii) 98460 Da, (iii) 78760 Da. Thus the first peak containsNadA aggregates, and the third peak contains degradation products.

As the predicted molecular weight of NadA^((NL)(C)) is 34.113 Da, peak(ii) contains a trimeric protein, which is the desired antigen.

Antigenic Combinations

Mice were immunised with a composition comprising the three proteinsand, for comparison purposes, the three proteins were also testedsingly. Ten mice were used per group. The mixture was able to inducehigh bactericidal titres against various strains:

Meningococcal strain ^((Serogroup)) 2996 ^((B)) MC58 ^((B)) NGH38 394/98^((B)) H44/76 ^((B)) F6124 ^((A)) BZ133 ^((C)) C11 ^((C)) (1) 3200016000 130000 16000 32000 8000 16000 8000 (2) 256 131000 128 16000 320008000 16000 <4 (3) 32000 8000 — — — 8000 — 32000 Mix 32000 32000 6500016000 260000 65000 >65000 8000 ‘—’ indicates that this strain containsno NadA gene

Looking at individual mice, the triple mixture induced high andconsistent bactericidal titres against the three serogroup B strainsfrom which the individual antigens are derived:

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2996 32768 16384 65536 32768 32768 65536 6553632768 65536 8192 MC58 65536 32768 65536 65536 65536 8192 65536 3276832768 65536 394/98 65536 4096 16384 4096 8192 4096 32768 16384 819216384Combination and Comparison with OMVs

In further experiments, the antigens (20 μg of each antigen per dose)were administered in combination with 10 μg OMVs prepared either fromstrain H44/76 (Norway) or strain 394/98 (New Zealand). Positive controlswere the anti-capsular SEAM-3 mAb for serogroup B or CRM197-conjugatedcapsular saccharides for other strains. The mixture almost always gavebetter titres than simple OMVs, and addition of the mixture to OMVsalmost always significantly enhanced the efficacy of the OMVs. In manycases the antigen mixture matched or exceeded the response seen with thepositive control.

Hypervirulent Lineage Tests

The following antigens were tested against a variety of serogroup Bstrains from a variety of hypervirulent lineages:

(a) NadA^((NL)(C))

(b) ΔG287-953

(c) 936-ΔG741

(d) a mixture of (a), (b) and (c)

(e) OMVs prepared from strain H44/76 (Norway)

(f) OMVs prepared from strain 394/98 (New Zealand)

(g) A mixture of ΔG287 and (e)

(h) A mixture of (d) and (e)

(i) A mixture of (d) and (f)

SEAM-3 was used as a positive control.

Results were as follows, expressed as the percentage of strains in theindicated hypervirulent lineage where the serum bactericidal titreexceeded 1024:

# strains (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) S-3 A4 4 50 50 0 100 25 2525 100 100 + ET-5 8 25 75 88 100 71 14 71 100 100 + Lineage 13 0 75 1593 8 85 8 92 93 + 3 ET-37 4 11 22 0 33 0 0 0 22 25 +

Against particular reference strains, bactericidal titres were asfollows:

Strain (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) S-3 A4 961-5945 128 2048 <82048 262144 8192 262144 262144 4096 8192 ET-5 44/76 <4 2048 32768 131072524288 8192 524288 524288 524288 16384 Lineage 3 394/98 <4 1024 32 4096<4 16384 256 16384 16384 16384 ET-37 LPN17592 2048 1024 256 4096 <8 <8512 16384 65536 1024

Compositions (d), (h) and (i) therefore induce bactericidal antibodyresponses against a wide variety of strains of serogroup B meningococcusfrom within hypervirulent lineages A4, ET-5 and lineage 3. Titres usingcompositions (h) and (i) were generally higher than with (d), but thecoverage of strains within hypervirulent lineages A4, ET-5 and lineage 3were no better.

Coverage of untyped strains was also high with compositions (d), (h) and(i).

Combination with Meningococcal and/or Hib Conjugates

The triple MenB composition is combined with a mixture ofoligosaccharide conjugates for serogroups C, W135 and Y, to give avaccine containing the following antigens:

Component Quantity per 0.5 ml dose Serogroup C conjugate 10 μgsaccharide + 12.5-25 μg CRM₁₉₇ Serogroup W135 conjugate 10 μgsaccharide + 6.6-20 μg CRM₁₉₇ Serogroup Y conjugate 10 μg saccharide +6.6-20 μg CRM₁₉₇ ΔG287-953 20 μg polypeptide 936-ΔG741 20 μg polypeptideNadA 20 μg polypeptide

A similar vaccine is prepared, including MenA conjugate (10 μgsaccharide+12.5-33 μg CRM₁₉₇) and/or a HbOC Hib conjugate (10 μgsaccharide+2-5 μg CRM₁₉₇).

In one series of tests, conjugates of serogroups C, W135 and Y werecombined, with each conjugate present at 40 μg/ml (measured assaccharide). For storage prior to use with MenB antigens the combinedconjugates were lyophilised [−45° C. for 3 hours, −35° C. for 20 hoursat 50 mTorr vacuum, 30° C. for 10 hours at 50 mTorr, 30° C. for 9 hoursat 125 mTorr] in the presence of 15 mg sucrose, 10 mM phosphate buffer(pH 7.2). The final volume before lyophilisation was 0.3 ml. Afterresuspension in 0.6 ml aqueous solution, therefore, the saccharides arepresent at 12 μg per serogroup. Lyophilisation was used for convenienceonly, and neither efficacy nor stability during normal storage of thefinal product requires lyophilisation.

A second batch of material was prepared in the same way, but includingalso the serogroup A conjugate at the same saccharide dosage as forserogroups C, W135 and Y.

A third batch of material was prepared in the same way (serogroups A, C,W135 and Y), but including also a Hib-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate at the samesaccharide dosage as for the meningococci.

For comparison, lyophilised preparations of the serogroup A and Cconjugates were prepared. The MenA material was lyophilised with 15 mgsucrose to give a 12 μg dose of saccharide after reconstitution, asdescribed above. The MenC material was lyophilised with 9 mg mannitol togive a 12 μg dose of saccharide after reconstitution.

These materials were combined with 600 μl of the serogroup mixture (d)(or, as a control, i.e. groups 2 & 3, in an identical composition butlacking the antigens), to give eight compositions:

Components 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NadA^((NL)(C)) μg/dose 20 20 20 20 20 20936-741 μg/dose 20 20 20 20 20 20 287-953 μg/dose 20 20 20 20 20 20MenA-CRM μg/dose* 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 MenC-CRM μg/dose* 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.42.4 2.4 MenW-CRM μg/dose* 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 MenY-CRM μg/dose* 2.4 2.42.4 2.4 2.4 Hib-CRM μg/dose* 2.4 2.4 Aluminium hydroxide mg/dose 0.150.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Histidine mM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10Sucrose mg/dose 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mannitol mg/dose 1.8 Potassium phosphate pH7.2 mM 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sodium Phosphate pH 7.2 mM 3 Sodium chloride mg/dose1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 *Quantity shown is saccharide

These compositions were administered intraperitoneally in a volume of200 μl to CD/1 mice (8 per group) on days 0, 21 and 35, with a finalbleed at day 49. The day 49 sera were tested in SBA assays against avariety of meningococcal strains in serogroups A, B, C, W135 and Y.Results were:

B A C W135 Y Group 2996 MC58 394/98 44/76 F6124 C11 312294 C4678 M1569LPN17592 860800 1 1024 4096 1024 8192 2048 2048  <16*   64*   128* 51265536 2 <4 <4 128 <16 4096 8192 — — — 32 32768 3 <4 <4 <4 <16 4096 16384— — — 512 32768 4 64 4096 512 8192 8192 128 — — — 256 32768 5 256 40961024 8192 256 8192 >8192  >8192 >8192 512 32768 6 128 1024 256 8192 1288192 8192 >8192 >8192 512 16384 7 256 512 512 16384 1024 81924096 >8192 >8192 1024 16384 8 256 2048 512 8192 1024 81922048 >8192 >8192 512 32768

Thus the meningococcal protein antigens remain effective even afteraddition of the conjugated meningococcal and Hib saccharide antigens.Similarly, the meningococcal conjugates retain efficacy even afteraddition of the protein antigens. Indeed, the data suggest that theaddition of the protein antigens to the conjugates enhances theanti-MenW135 efficacy (compare groups 2 and 7). Moreover, there is alevel of cross-reactivity, in particular for serogroup Y, as the proteinantigens alone give a good anti-MenY titre [cf. reference 220], as dogroups 4 and 5.

The data also indicate that addition of a Hib conjugate to meningococcalconjugates (compare groups 2 and 3) enhances the anti-W135 activity.

Use of Modified MenA Saccharide

Capsular polysaccharide was purified from MenA and was hydrolysed togive MenA oligosaccharide. The polysaccharide (2 g) was hydrolyzed at50° C. in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.75, at a polysaccharideconcentration of 10 mg/mL for about 4 hours [73]. After hydrolysis, thesolution was dried by rotary evaporation.

The oligosaccharide was activated using the following reaction scheme:

The oligosaccharide was dissolved in DMSO to give a saccharideconcentration of 10 mg/mL. According to a molar ratio ofoligosaccharide:CDI being 1:20, 21.262 g of CDI was then added and thereaction mixture stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The resultingMenA-CDI compound was purified by selective precipitation in a 80:20(v/v) acetone:DMSO mixture followed by centrifugation. The efficiency ofthe activation reaction was calculated to be about 67.9% by determiningthe ratio of free imidazole to bonded imidazole.

In the second reaction step, the MenA-CDI oligosaccharide wassolubilised in DMSO at a saccharide concentration of about 10 mg/mL.According to a molar ratio of MenA-CDI unit:DMA being 1:100, 36.288 g of99% dimethylamine hydrochloride (i.e. R¹ & R²=Me) was added and thereaction mixture stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The reactionproduct was freeze-dried and re-solubilised in 10 mg/mL water solution.

To remove the low molecular weight reaction reagent (in particular thedimethylamine (DMA)) from the oligosaccharide preparation, a dialysisstep was performed through a 3.5 kDa MWCO membrane (Spectra/Por™). Fourdialysis steps were carried out: (i) 16 hours against 2 L of 1 M sodiumchloride (dialysis factor 1:20), (ii) 16 hours against 2 L of 0.5 Msodium chloride (dialysis factor 1:20), (iii) and (iv) 16 hours against2 L of WFI (dialysis factor 1:20). To improve the purification adiafiltration step was also performed through a 1 kDa MWCO membrane(Centricon™).

The purified MenA-CDI-DMA product was buffered at pH 6.5 in 25 mML-histidine (Fluka™).

For preparing conjugates of the modified MenA saccharide (MenA-CDI-DMA),the overall process was as follows:

hydrolysis of the polysaccharide to give oligosaccharide fragments

sizing of the oligosaccharide fragments

reductive amination of terminal aldehyde groups on the sizedoligosaccharides

protection of terminal —NH₂ groups by Fmoc group before the CDI reaction

intrinsic de-protection of —NH₂ groups during the DMA reaction

activation of terminal —NH₂ groups by SIDEA (N-hydroxysuccinimide adipicacid)

covalent attachment to CRM₁₉₇ protein

The modified MenA oligosaccharide conjugate was much more resistant tohydrolysis than its natural counterpart at elevated temperatures. After28 days at 37° C., for instance, the percentage of released saccharideis 6.4% for the modified oligosaccharide vs. 23.5% for the naturalantigen. Moreover, the titres induced by the modified oligosaccharidesare not significantly lower than those obtained using the native sugarstructures.

The modified MenA conjugate is combined with MenC, MenW135 and MenYconjugates as a substitute for the conjugate of unmodifiedoligosaccharide. This tetravalent mixture is mixed with the three MenBpolypeptides to give a vaccine effective against serogroups A, B, C,W135 and Y of N. meningitidis in a single dose.

Pneumococcal Combinations

The three combined MenB proteins are mixed with pneumococcal saccharideconjugates to give a final concentration of 2 μg/dose of each of thepneumococcal serotypes (double for serotype 6B). The reconstitutedvaccine thus contains the following antigens:

Component Quantity per 0.5 ml dose Serogroup A conjugate 5 μgsaccharide + 6.25-16.5 μg CRM₁₉₇ Serogroup C conjugate 5 μg saccharide +6.25-12.5 μg CRM₁₉₇ Serogroup W135 conjugate 5 μg saccharide + 3.3-10 μgCRM₁₉₇ Serogroup Y conjugate 5 μg saccharide + 3.3-10 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 4 conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 9V conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 14 conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 18C conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 19F conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 23F conjugate 2 μg saccharide + 2.5 μg CRM₁₉₇Pneumococcus serotype 6B conjugate 4 μg saccharide + 5 μg CRM₁₉₇

It will be understood that the invention has been described by way ofexample only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within thescope and spirit of the invention.

REFERENCES the Contents of which are Hereby Incorporated by Reference

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1. An aqueous immunogenic composition which, after administration to asubject, is able to induce an immune response that is (a) bactericidalagainst at least serogroup W135 of N. meningitidis and (b) protectiveagainst H. influenzae type b disease, wherein the composition comprises:(i) a conjugated serogroup W135 capsular saccharide antigen; (ii) aconjugated H. influenzae type b capsular saccharide antigen.
 2. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising conjugated capsularsaccharide antigens from serogroups C and Y and, optionally, A.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising one or more polypeptideantigens from serogroup B of N. meningitidis.
 4. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the serogroup W135 saccharide is conjugated to adiphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid or a H. influenzae protein D.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the Hib saccharide is conjugated to atetanus toxoid.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compositionincludes an aluminium phosphate adjuvant.
 7. The composition of claim 1,wherein the serogroup W135 saccharide is conjugated to a CRM197diphtheria toxin mutant, and the composition comprises <30 μgmeningococcal saccharide per dose.
 8. The composition of claim 1,wherein the serogroup W135 saccharide has a degree of polymerisation ofless than
 30. 9. The composition of claim 5, wherein the serogroup W135saccharide is conjugated to a diphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid, or aCRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant.
 10. The composition of claim 6, whereinthe serogroup W135 saccharide is conjugated to a diphtheria toxoid, atetanus toxoid, or a CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant.
 11. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the same carrier protein is used for all serogroups.12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the serogroup W135 saccharidehas a saccharide:protein ratio (w/w) between 1:5 and 5:1.
 13. Thecomposition of claim 4, wherein the serogroup W135 saccharide isconjugated via a linker.
 14. The composition of claim 7, wherein theserogroup W135 saccharide is conjugated via a linker.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 4, wherein the serogroup W135 saccharide isconjugated directly.
 16. The composition of claim 7, wherein theserogroup W135 saccharide is conjugated directly.
 17. The composition ofclaim 4, wherein the Hib saccharide is conjugated to a CRM197 diphtheriatoxin mutant, a tetanus toxoid or an outer membrane complex of N.meningitidis.
 18. The composition of claim 6, wherein the Hib saccharideis conjugated to a CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant, a tetanus toxoid oran outer membrane complex of N. meningitidis.
 19. The composition ofclaim 7, wherein the Hib saccharide is conjugated to a CRM197 diphtheriatoxin mutant, a tetanus toxoid or an outer membrane complex of N.meningitidis.
 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the compositioncomprises an adjuvant.
 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecomposition does not include an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant.
 22. Thecomposition of claim 4, wherein the composition includes an aluminiumphosphate adjuvant.
 23. The composition of claim 6, wherein the Hibantigen is adsorbed to aluminium phosphate.
 24. The composition of claim6, wherein the Hib antigen is not adsorbed to aluminium phosphate. 25.The composition of claim 1, wherein the Hib antigen is initiallylyophilised.
 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the conjugates havea saccharide:protein ratio (w/w) of between 1:5 and 5:1.